Skip to main content

Fundamental Aspects of Software Measurement

  • Chapter
Software Engineering (ISSSE 2010, ISSSE 2009, ISSSE 2011)

Abstract

Empirical studies are increasingly being used in Software Engineering research and practice. These studies rely on information obtained by measuring software artifacts and processes, and provide both measures and models based on measures as results. This paper illustrates a number of fundamental aspects of Software Measurement in the definition of measures that make sense, so they can be used appropriately. Specifically, we describe the foundations of measurement established by Measurement Theory and show how they can be used in Software Measurement for both internal and external software attributes. We also describe Axiomatic Approaches that have been defined in Software Measurement to capture the properties that measures for various software attributes are required to have. Finally, we show how Measurement Theory and Axiomatic Approaches can be used in an organized process for the definition and validation of measures used for building prediction models.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. ISO/IEC 9126-1:2001- Software Engineering - Product Quality Part 1: Quality Model. ISO/IEC (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  2. ISO/IEC 9126-2:2002- Software Engineering - Product Quality Part 1: External Metrics. ISO/IEC (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Barnett, V., Lewis, T.: Outliers in statistical data, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Basili, V.R.: The Experience Factory and Its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms. In: Sommerville, I., Paul, M. (eds.) ESEC 1993. LNCS, vol. 717, pp. 68–83. Springer, Heidelberg (1993)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Basili, V.R., Caldiera, G., Rombach, H.D.: The Experience Factory. Encyclopedia of Software Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 511–519. John Wiley & Sons (2002), http://books.google.es/books?id=CXpUAAAAMAAJ

  6. Basili, V.R., Rombach, H.D.: The tame project: Towards improvement-oriented software environments. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 14(6), 758–773 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Basili, V.R., Zelkowitz, M.V., McGarry, F.E., Page, G.T., Waligora, S., Pajerski, R.: Sel’s software process improvement program. IEEE Software 12(6), 83–87 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Briand, L.C., Daly, J.W., Wüst, J.: A unified framework for cohesion measurement in object-oriented systems. Empirical Software Engineering 3(1), 65–117 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Briand, L.C., Differding, C., Rombach, H.D.: Practical guidelines for measurement-based process improvement. Software Process: Improvement and Practice 2(4), 253–280 (1996), http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/24853/abstract

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Briand, L.C., Morasca, S., Basili, V.R.: Property-based software engineering measurement. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 22, 68–86 (1996), http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=229713.229722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Briand, L.C., Morasca, S., Basili, V.R.: Defining and validating measures for object-based high-level design. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 25, 722–743 (1999), http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=325392.325404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Briand, L.C., Morasca, S., Basili, V.R.: An operational process for goal-driven definition of measures. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 28, 1106–1125 (2002), http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=630832.631301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Chidamber, S.R., Kemerer, C.F.: A metrics suite for object oriented design. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 20(6), 476–493 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. DeMarco, T.: Structured analysis and system specification. Yourdon computing series. Yourdon, Upper Saddle River (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fenton, N., Pfleeger, S.L.: Software metrics: a rigorous and practical approach, 2nd edn. PWS Publishing Co., Boston (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fenton, N.E.: Software metrics - a rigorous approach. Chapman and Hall (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Halstead, M.H.: Elements of software science. Operating and programming systems series. Elsevier (1977), http://books.google.com/books?id=zPcmAAAAMAAJ

  18. Henry, S.M., Kafura, D.G.: Software structure metrics based on information flow. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 7(5), 510–518 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kendall, M.G., Stuart, A.: The advanced theory of statistics, 4th edn. C. Griffin, London (1977)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Krantz, D.H., Luce, R.D., Suppes, P., Tversky, A.: Foundations of Measurement, vol. 1. Academic Press, San Diego (1971)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Lakshmanan, K.B., Jayaprakash, S., Sinha, P.K.: Properties of control-flow complexity measures. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 17(12), 1289–1295 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. McCabe, T.: A complexity measure. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 2(4), 308–320 (1976)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. Morasca, S.: Refining the axiomatic definition of internal software attributes. In: Proceedings of the Second ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement, ESEM 2008, Kaiserslautern, Germany, October 9-10, pp. 188–197. ACM, New York (2008), http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1414004.1414035

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  24. Morasca, S.: A probability-based approach for measuring external attributes of software artifacts. In: Proceedings of the 2009 3rd International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement, ESEM 2009, Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, October 15-16, pp. 44–55. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (2009), http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ESEM.2009.5316048

    Google Scholar 

  25. Morasca, S., Briand, L.C.: Towards a theoretical framework for measuring software attributes. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Software Metrics, IEEE METRICS 1997, Albuquerque, NM, USA, November 5-7, pp. 119–126. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (1997), http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=823454.823906

    Google Scholar 

  26. Musa, J.D.: A theory of software reliability and its application. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 1(3), 312–327 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Musa, J.D.: Software Reliability Engineering. Osborne/McGraw-Hill (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Oman, P., Hagemeister, J.R.: Metrics for assessing a software system’s maintainability. In: Proceedings of ICSM 1992, Orlando, FL, USA, pp. 337–344 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Oviedo, E.I.: Control flow, data flow and program complexity. In: Proceedings of the 4th Computer Software and Applications Conference, COMPSAC 1980, Chicago, IL, USA, October 27-31, pp. 146–152. IEEE Press, Piscataway (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Pap, E.: Some elements of the classical measure theory, pp. 27–82. Elsevier (2002), http://books.google.je/books?id=LylS9gsFEUEC

  31. Poels, G., Dedene, G.: Comments on property-based software engineering measurement: Refining the additivity properties. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 23(3), 190–195 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Poels, G., Dedene, G.: Distance-based software measurement: necessary and sufficient properties for software measures. Information & Software Technology 42(1), 35–46 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Prather, R.E.: An axiomatic theory of software complexity measure. The Computer Journal 27(4), 340–347 (1984)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  34. Roberts, F.: Measurement Theory with Applications to Decisionmaking, Utility, and the Social Sciences, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 7. Addison-Wesley (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Sauro, J., Kindlund, E.: A method to standardize usability metrics into a single score. In: CHI 2005: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Portland, Oregon, USA, pp. 401–409 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Shepperd, M.J.: Foundations of software measurement. Prentice Hall (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Spector, P.E.: Research designs. Quantitative applications in the social sciences. Sage Publications (1981), http://books.google.com/books?id=NQAJE_sh1qIC

  38. Stevens, S.S.: On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 103(2684), 677–680 (1946), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16085193

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  39. Weyuker, E.J.: Evaluating software complexity measures. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 14(9), 1357–1365 (1988)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  40. Yourdon, E., Constantine, L.L.: Structured design: fundamentals of a discipline of computer program and systems design, 2nd edn. Yourdon Press, New York (1978)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Morasca, S. (2013). Fundamental Aspects of Software Measurement. In: De Lucia, A., Ferrucci, F. (eds) Software Engineering. ISSSE ISSSE ISSSE 2010 2009 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7171. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36054-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36054-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-36053-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-36054-1

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics