Abstract
In 1899, Liang Qichao’s 梁啓超 (1873–1929) Random notes, Ziyou shu 自由書, were serialised in the China Discussion, Qingyi bao 清議報. Quoting Inukai Tsuyoshi 犬養毅 (1855–1932), he argued in one note that schools, newspapers, and rhetoric should be regarded as the “three useful instruments for the dissemination of civilisation.” The concept that schools cultivate talent has been universally accepted since ancient times; however, the inclusion of newspapers and oratory required further explanation: “On the whole, those citizens who are more literate should make good use of newspapers, while those citizens who are less literate ought to make good use of oratory.” This quote proved popular, not only profoundly influencing the development of late Qing intellectual culture, but also providing an extremely convenient way for later historians to “get inside the late Qing.” But newspapers and “oratory” are usually transient media, dealing primarily with the issues of the day. Although they may serve as introductory materials for the reader, they are not optimal tools for the expansion of knowledge. With concerted effort and efficient use of time and energy, the necessarily collaborative enterprise of encyclopaedia publication can provide a powerful force to bolster the accumulation of academic expertise and foster the creation of knowledge in an entire society. Gao Fenglian 高鳳謙 (Mengdan 夢旦) (1875–1936), a figure who was instrumental in the early stages of the Commercial Press, Shangwu yinshuguan 商務印書館, remarked in his preface to the New Character Dictionary, Xin zidian 新字典 (1912), that in Japan “textbooks and encyclopaedic works contributed most to the popularisation of education and the organisation of common knowledge” 教育之普及, 常識之備具, 教科書辭書之功為多. Encyclopaedias and textbooks are free of avant-garde ambitions and are fostered by systematic discussion. This puts them very much in harmony with the educational tenet that it “takes a 100 years to foster able people.” It is in this sense that one may propose a different enumeration of the “three great tools for the dissemination of civilisation,” with encyclopaedias and textbooks counted alongside schools.
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Notes
- 1.
Ren gong 任公 [= Liang Qichao梁啟超], “Yinbingshi ziyou shu” 飲冰室自由書 [Random notes from the Ice Drinker’s Studio], Qingyi bao 26 (1899): 1b. This untitled note was later included in various collections of Liang Qichao’s works under the title “Chuanbo wenming san liqi” 傳播文明三利器 [Three effective weapons for spreading civilization].
- 2.
Gao Fenglian 高鳳謙, “Yuanqi” 緣起 [Origin (of this work)], in Xin zidian 新字典 [The new character dictionary], eds. Fu Yunsen 傅運森 et al. (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1912), 1–2.
- 3.
Huang Ren 黄人, comp., Putong baike xin da cidian 普通百科新大辭典 (Shanghai: Guoxue fulun she, 1911). On this work, see also the contribution by Milena Doleželová-Velingerová in this volume.
- 4.
Huang Ren黄人, “Zhongguo wenxue shi”中國文學史, in Huang Ren ji 黄人集 [Works by Huang Ren], ed. Jiang Qingbo 江慶柏 and Cao Peigen 曹培根 (Shanghai: Shanghai wenhua, 2001), 320–400.
- 5.
For information on Huang Ren’s life and works, see Wang Yongjian’s 王永健, <Suzhou qiren>. Huang Moxi pingzhuan <蘇州奇人> 黃摩西評傳 [<The eccentric from Suzhou>: A critical biography of Huang Moxi] (Suzhou: Suzhou daxue, 2000).
- 6.
See Xiao Tui 蕭蛻, “Huang Moxi yigao xu” 黃摩西遺稿序 [Preface to Huang Moxi’s posthumous manuscripts] (1924), reprinted in Huang Ren ji, 358.
- 7.
Wu Mei 吳梅, “Huang Ren Moxi” 黃人摩西 (Huang Ren Moxi), in Huang Ren ji, 371.
- 8.
See Pang Shusen 龐樹森, “Huang Moxi xiansheng shiji xu” 黃摩西先生詩集序 [Preface to the Collection of Poetry by Mr. Huang Ren], in Huang Ren ji, 361–362.
- 9.
In Huang Ren ji most of the poetry is from manuscript copies or hand-copied books, whereas the essays and other prose writings were published during the author’s lifetime.
- 10.
See Qian Zhonglian 錢仲聯, “Jin bainian citan dianjiang lu” 近百年詞壇點將錄 [A roll-call of ci-poetry circiles of the last hundred years]; and Qian Zhonglian, “Xinhai geming shiqi jinbu wenxuejia Huang Ren” 辛亥革命時期進步文學家黃人 [Huang Ren, a progressive literary figure of the Xinhai Revolution era], in Qian Zhonglian, Mengtiaoan Qing wenxue lunji 夢苕庵清代文學論集 (Jinan: Qilu, 1983), 167, 105–110.
- 11.
See Huang Lin 黃霖, Jindai wenxue piping shi 近代文學批評史 [A history of modern literary criticism] (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1993),796–808.
- 12.
See Jiang Chunfang姜椿芳, Cong leishu dao baike quanshu 從類書到百科全書 [From category-books to encyclopaedias] (Beijing: Zhongguo shuji, 1990) 92. This account is not entirely correct, since Kang Youwei 康有為 (1858–1927), in his 1897 compilation Notes on Japanese Book Catalogues, Riben shumu zhi 日本書目志, had already imported the word baike quanshu for “encyclopaedia” into China. For its Japanese background, see the Introduction and the study by Douglas Reynolds in this volume.
- 13.
Da Buliedian baike quanshu (guoji zhongwen ban) 大不列顛百科全書(國際中文版) [Encyclopaedia Britannica (international Chinese-language edition)] (Beijing: Zhongguo Baike Quanshu, 2002), juan 6, 63.
- 14.
Jin Changzheng 金常政, Baike quanshu xue 百科全書學 [Encyclopaedia studies] (Beijing: Zhongguo da baike quanshu, 2000), 3.
- 15.
Jin Changzheng, Baike quanshu xue, 33–45.
- 16.
Jiang Chunfang, Cong leishu dao baike quanshu, 13, 30.
- 17.
Huang Ren 黃人, “Xu” 序 [Preface], in Putong baike xin da cidian普通百科新大辭典 [New encyclopaedic dictionary of general knowledge], comp. Huang Ren 黄人 (Shanghai: Guoxue fulun she, 1911), 1b.
- 18.
Yan Fu, “Xu” 序 [Preface] in Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian. Transcribed from cursive to regular script in Yan Fu 嚴復, Yan Fu ji 嚴復集 [Yan Fu works] (Beijing: Zhonghua, 1986), 2: 277.
- 19.
Yan Fu, “Xu”, in Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian. Transcribed in Yan Fu 嚴復, Yan Fu ji 嚴復集 2: 277.
- 20.
Yan Fu, “Xu”, in Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian. Transcribed in Yan Fu, Yan Fu ji, 2: 277.
- 21.
Huang Ren, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian, vol. 1, 1a, b.
- 22.
Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian, vol. shen 申 12 strokes, #404.
- 23.
Huang Ren, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian, 1a, 2b.
- 24.
See Zhong Shaohua 鐘少華, Renlei zhishi de xin gongju Zhong-Ri jindai baike quanshu yanjiu, 人類知識的新工具: 中日近代百科全書研究 [A new tool of human knowledge: A study of early modern encyclopaedias in China and Japan] (Beijing: Beijing tushuguan, 1996), 73, 195–196.
- 25.
See Pang Shusen, “Huang Moxi xiansheng shiji xu,” 361.
- 26.
Huang Ren, Huang Ren ji, 345.
- 27.
See Ladisilafu Cigusita (Ladislav Zgusta) 拉迪斯拉夫・兹古斯塔, Cidianxue gailun 詞典學概論 [Manual of lexicography], trans. Lin Shuwu 林書武 (Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1983) 274.
- 28.
For this opinion, see Song Yuanfang 宋原放, Shanghai chuban zhi 上海出版志 [A history of Shanghai publishing] (Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexueyuan, 2000), 470, 473.
- 29.
For the table of contents and related commentaries see Fan Diji 范迪吉 et al., Putong baike quanshu 普通百科全書 [A general encyclopaedia], see Xiong Yuezhi 熊月之, Xixue dongjian yu wan Qing shehui 西學東漸與晚清社會 [Parallel title: Dissemination of Western Knowledge and the Late Qing Society] (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin, 1994), 646–651.
- 30.
For another discussion of this work, see the articles by Milena Doleželová-Velingerová and Douglas Reynolds in this volume.
- 31.
See Deng Shaogen 鄧紹根, “Ji «Da Buliedian Baike Quanshu» zai Zhongguo shouci de xiaoshou” 記«大不列顛百科全書»在中國首次的銷售 [Recording the first sales of the Encyclopaedia Britannica in China], Chuban faxing yanjiu 2 (2004): 78.
- 32.
Shanghai tushuguan 上海圖書館, ed., Zhongguo jindai qikan pianmu huilu 中國近代期刊篇目彙錄 [Title index for China’s periodicals for the late Qing and early Republican periods] (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin, 1980–1984), 1842–7.
- 33.
According to Sun Yingxiang, Yan Fu lectured in the spring of 1906 to the Global Chinese Student Society on “The Connection between Education and State”, Lun jiaoyu yu guojia zhi guanxi 論教育與國家之關系and on “Can There Be Power without Justice?” You jiangquan wu gongli ci li xin yu 有強權無公理此理信歟. Sun Yingxiang 孫應祥, Yan Fu nianpu 嚴復年譜 [Chronology of Yan Fu’s life] (Fuzhou: Fujian renmin, 2003), 257, 266.
- 34.
See Dong Shouci 董壽慈, “Ni yi Yingwen baikequanshu yinyan” 擬譯英文百科全書 引言 [Draft translation of the foreword to the Encyclopaedia Britannica], Huanqiu Zhongguo xueshengbao, 5–6 (1907).
- 35.
See Yan Fu 嚴復, “Yingwen baike quanshu pinglun” 英文百科全書評論 [Review of the Encyclopaedia Britannica], Huanqiu Zhongguo xuesheng bao 5–6 (1907).
- 36.
Yang Xiong 楊雄, Fayan yishu 法言 義疏 [Model sayings, annotated], Wang Rongbao 王榮寳comm. (Beijing: Zhonghua, 1987), juan 8, I.157.
- 37.
Tao Zongyi 陶宗儀, Shuo fu 說郛 [Ramparts of apocrypha]. Preface by Yang Weizhen 楊維楨. In Shuo fu san zhong 說郛三種 [Three ramparts of apocrypha], ed. Zhang Zongxiang 張宗祥, Vol. 1, 2 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1988).
- 38.
See Zhang Qifu 張圻福, ed. Suzhou daxue shi 蘇州大學校史 [History of Suzhou universities] (Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin, 1992). However, in one point a correction must be made; not only was the premier issue of the Soochow University Journal called Xue fu 學桴, the issue published in the following year, the 10th month of Guangxu 33 [1907], still bore the same title.
- 39.
Huang Ren , “Xuefu fakan ci” 學桴發刊詞 [Inaugural statement for Raft of Learning]. Quoted in Wang Yingzhi 王英志, “Xuefu bainian ganyan” «學桴»百 年感言 (Thoughts on the 100th anniversary of “Raft of Learning”), Xinmin Wanbao (Jan 5, 2006). According to this article, which reprinted the inaugural statement, a single copy of the original maiden issue is extant in the collection of Zhongshan University Library.
- 40.
Zheng Yimei 鄭逸梅, “Guoxue fulun she chuban ji zhong juzhu” 國學扶輪社出版幾種巨著 [A few great works published by the Society for the Preservation of National Learning], in Gujiu shu xun 4, (1984). It has been included in Zheng Yimei Wenyuan huaxu 文苑花絮 [Tidbits from the Garden of Literature] (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2005), and reprinted in Zhongguo chuban shiliao, jindai bufen 中國出版史料• 近代部分 [Historical materials on Chinese publishing: contemporary section], Song Yuanfang 宋原放, Wang Jiarong 汪家熔 et al. eds. (Wuhan: Hubei jiaoyu, 2004), juan 3, 252–253. The annotator notes: “The Society for the Preservation of National Learning was jointly established from 1910 to 1913 by Shen Zhifang and others. In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republican period the number of small and middle publishing houses numbered in the thousands. They sprung up as hastily as they shut down, and it is rare for there to be any records of them. We found this article with great difficulty, and provide it as a kind of clue for everybody.”
- 41.
Zheng Yimei 鄭逸梅, Wenyuan huaxu 文苑花絮 [Tidbits from the garden of literature] (Beijing: Zhonghua, 2005), 269.
- 42.
Song Yuanfang, Shanghai chuban zhi, 251.
- 43.
Zhu Lianbao 朱聯保, Jinxiandai Shanghai chubanye yinxiang ji 近現代上海出版業印象記 [Records of impressions of the modern and contemporary Shanghai publishing industries] (Shanghai: Xuelin, 1993), 277.
- 44.
For Shen Zhifang’s life and editorial activities, see Qiuweng 秋翁 [=Ping Jinya 平襟亞], “Shuye guaijie” 書業怪杰 [Remarkable eccentrics of the book trade], in Zhongguo chuban shiliao, jindai bufen, Song Yuanfang, ed., juan 3, 278–283, and Wang Zhen 王震, “Ji Shijie Shuju chuangbanren Shen Zhifang” 記世界書局創辦人沈知方 [In memory of the founder of the World Book Company, Shen Zhifang], in Zhongguo chuban shiliao, jindai bufen, juan 3, 479–492.
- 45.
Lu Erkui 陸爾奎, comp., Ci yuan 辭源 (Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1915).
- 46.
Qing Shengzu 清聖祖, ed., Yuding pianzi leibian 御定駢字類編 (1726; repr., Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu yinshuguan, 1985).
- 47.
Wang Jiarong writes: “[Shen Zhifang] was a senior employee of Commercial Press, and himself co-founded the ‘Society for the Preservation of National Learning.’ Knowing about the editorial project Source of Terms, Ci yuan 辭源, and understanding its commercial value, he directed the editors of the Society to imitate it. They took the Pian zi leibian 駢字類編 as the foundation, omitted and added a little material, added annotations, and printed two editions. Both were published in 1911, one was called Wenke da cidian 文科大辭典, and the other Wenke da cidian 文科大詞典.” Wang Jiarong 汪家熔 “Hai tan jindai chubanren de wenhua zhuiqiu” 還談近代出 版人的文化追求 [More thoughts on the cultural pursuits of modern publishing figures], Zhongguo bianji 2 (2004): 73.
- 48.
See Lin Shu 林紓, “Xu” 序 [Preface], in Guoxue fulun she 國學扶輪社, ed., Wenke da cidian. Xiucixue zhi bu 文科大詞典/文科大辭典. 修辭學之部 (Shanghai: Zhongguo cidian gongsi, 1911).
- 49.
This advertisement was printed in the front matter of the Wenke da cidian. For a reproduction of this advertisement, see the appendix to the study by Milena Doleželová-Velingerová in this volume.
- 50.
See “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial Principles], in Wenke da cidian (Xiuci zhi bu), 2b.
- 51.
See Lin Shu, “Xu,” in Wenke dacidian.
- 52.
The advertisement in the front matter of the Wenke da cidian reads: “Since European fashions and Japanese style have gradually seeped in deeper, the flaws in [our] writing have thickened and expanded to the point that wherever the eyes look there is a thorny mess; the models of antiquity are tumbling and are about to fall to the ground. [I] the chairman of this Society [for the Support of National Learning], was deeply distressed about this … Over many years we have made excerpts from many works, now finally reaching one million and several hundred thousand characters. The explanations are all very clear, avoiding the pitfall of obscurity. [Entries] always exhaustingly verify the original story, and do not make a mockery of or forget our own ancestors.” 自歐風和體漸深, 文字之病, 蕪雜廓落, 彌望荊榛, 先正典型, 飄搖欲墜矣本社主人衋焉。。。捃摭群籍, 積有年歲, 始成百數十萬言。詮釋俱極明瞭, 無捫燭談日之弊 ; 印證必窮源委, 無數典忘祖之譏.
- 53.
Yan Fu, Yan Fu ji, 2:277.
- 54.
Yan Fu, Yan Fu ji, 2:276.
- 55.
Sanetō Keishū 実藤恵秀, Zhongguoren liuxue Riben shi 中國人留學日本史 [A history of Chinese students in Japan], trans. Tan Ruqian 譚汝謙 et al. (Beijing: Sanlian, 1983), 299.
- 56.
See Li Di 李迪, Guo Shirong 郭世榮, “Qingmo «Putong Baike Xin Da Cidian» ji qi xueshu jiazhi” 清末«普通百科新大詞典»及其學術價值 [New Encyclopaedic Dictionary of General Knowledge of the late Qing and its academic value], Zhongguo keji shiliao 1 (2003): 23.
- 57.
See Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian, vol. si 巳 [6], 44; vol. you 酉 [10], 15; vol. hai 亥 [12], 50. For details on this and other encyclopaedia entries on newspapers and magazines, see the study by Rudolf Wagner in this volume.
- 58.
See Zhong Shaohua 鐘少華, “Qing mo baike quanshu jieshao” 清末百科全書介紹 [Introduction to late Qing Encyclopaedias], in Zhong Shaohua, Ciyu de zhihui 詞語的知惠 [Insight into terms] (Guiyang: Guizhou jiaoyu, 2000), 1–32.
- 59.
To put it in Robert Darnton’s terms: “It showed that knowledge was ordered, not random; that the ordering principle was reason working on sense data, not revelation speaking through tradition; and that rational standards, when applied to contemporary institutions, would expose absurdity and iniquity everywhere.” Robert Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979), 539–540.
- 60.
See Zhong Shaohua 鐘少華, Renlei zhishi de xin gongju Renlei zhishi de xin gongju: Zhong-Ri jindai baike quanshu yanjiu 人類知識的新工具: 中日近代百科全書研究 [A new tool of human knowledge: A study of early modern encyclopaedias in China and Japan] (Beijing: Beijing Tushuguan, 1996), 53–76.
- 61.
See Chen Pingyuan 陳平原, Zhongguo daxue shi jiang 中國大學十講 [Ten lectures on Chinese universities] (Shanghai: Fudan daxue, 2002), 102–133.
- 62.
Qilu zhuren 杞盧主人, “Xu” 序 [Preface], in Shiwu tongkao 時務通考, ed. Qilu zhuren 杞廬主人 (Shanghai: Dianshizhai, 1897).
- 63.
Hongbaozhai zhuren 鴻寶齋主人, “Xu” 序 [Preface], in (Yangwu) Jingji tongkao 洋務經濟通考, comp. Shao Xiaocun 邵筱邨, (Shanghai: Hongbao, 19013), 1a, b.
- 64.
See Qian Feng 錢豐, comp., Wanguo fenlei shiwu dacheng 萬國分類時務大成 [A Comprehensive Summary of Current Affairs by Category and for All Nations] (Shanghai: Shenjiang Xiuhai shanfang, 1897), juan 12, 29–32.
- 65.
See Qian Feng, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Wanguo fenlei shiwu dacheng, front matter.
- 66.
“What is known as wenxue? Characters written on bamboo or silk are called script [wen]. Discussions of its models are called script studies [wenxue].” Zhang Jiang 章絳 (=Zhang Taiyan 章太炎), “Wenxue lunlüe” 文學論略 [A Sketch of Literature] Guocui xuebao 21 (=2.9) (1906): Wen pian 文篇4a.
- 67.
See Lin Yuezhi 林樂知 [=Young John Allen], “Xu” 序 [Preface], in Mori Arinori 森有禮, Wenxue xingguo ce 文學興國策 [A strategy to revive the nation through education], trans. Young John Allen et al. (1896) (Shanghai: Shanghai Shudian, 2002), 5.
- 68.
Mori Arinori, Wenxue xingguo ce, 2–4.
- 69.
Yinbing 飲冰 [=Liang Qichao 梁啟超], “Lun xiaoshuo yu qunzhi zhi guanxi” 論小說與群治之關系 [On the relationship between fiction and government of the people], Xin xiaoshuo 1 (1902): 8.
- 70.
Lin Yuezhi 林樂知 [=Young John Allen], “Ba” 跋 [Postscript], in Di Kaowen 狄考文 [=Calvin Matteer], “Shang yi shu niqing chuangshe zongxuetang yi” 上譯署擬請創設總學堂議 [A draft proposal for the establishment of general schools], in Beijing daxue shiliao 北京大學史料, ed. Wang Xuezhen 王學珍 et al. (Beijing: Beijing Daxue, 1993), juan 1, 14–18.
- 71.
For the conceptual or practical attempts of Wang Tao 王韜 (1828–1897), Chen Chi 陳熾 (1855–1900), Zheng Guanying 鄭觀應 (1842–1922), Song Shu 宋恕 (1862–1910), Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao as well as Sun Jia’nai 孫家鼐 (1827–1909), Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 (1837–1909), Sheng Xuanhuai 盛宣懷 (1844–1916) and Zhang Baixi 張百熙 (1847–1907) to incorporate the new classificatory principles, see Zuo Yuhe 左玉河, Cong sibu zhi xue dao qike zhi xue: xueshu fenke yu jindai Zhongguo zhishi xitong de chuangjian 從四部之學到七科之學:學術分科與近代中國知識系統之創建 [From the Four Treasuries to the study of the seven categories: academic classification and the creation of a modern Chinese knowledge system] (Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 2004), 137–170.
- 72.
Qian Cunxun remarks that of later nineteenth-century translations in China, “wenxue” accounts for 0.5 %. The exact number is debatable, but there is no doubt that it was miniscule. Qian Cunxun 錢存訓, Dai Wenbo 戴文伯 trans., “Jinshi yishu dui Zhongguo xiandaihua de yingxiang” 近世譯書對中國現代化的影響 [The influence of contemporary translations on China’s modernisation], Wenxian 2 (1986): 190.
- 73.
See Yan Fu, Yan Fu ji, 1:127–128.
- 74.
Wang Tao 王韜, “Bianfa ziqiang” 變法自強, in Wang Tao, Taoyuan wen xinbian 弢園文新編 (Hong Kong: Sanlian, 1998), 35–37.
- 75.
Zheng Guanying 鄭觀應, “Shengshi weiyan” 盛世危言, in Zheng Guanying ji 鄭觀應集, ed. Xia Dongyuan 夏東元 (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin, 1982), 1: 299–300.
- 76.
Cai Yuanpei 蔡元培, Xuetang jiaoke lun 學堂教課論, [1901; repr. in Cai Yuanpei quanji 蔡元培全集, ed. Gao Pingshu 高平叔 (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1984)], juan 1, 139–152.
- 77.
“Liyan” 例言 [Editorial principles], in Xinxue da congshu 新學大叢書 (Shanghai: Jishanqiao, 1903).
- 78.
Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian, vol. zi 子 4 strokes, #389.
- 79.
Fan Diji 范廸吉, ed. Bian putong jiaoyu baike quanshu 編譯普通教育百科全書 (Shanghai: Huiwen she, 1903). For details on this work, see the study by Milena Doleželová-Velingerová in this volume.
- 80.
Huang Ren, “Benshu zhi tese” 本書之特色 [The particular characteristics of the present work], in Huang Ren, Putong baike xin da cidian, 1:1. Illustrations of these advertisements will be found on pp. 317–325.
- 81.
“Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Guoxue fulun she, ed., Wenke da cidian, front matter.
- 82.
Lin Chuanjia 林傳甲, Zhongguo wenxue shi 中國文學史 [A history of Chinese literature] (Taibei: Xuehai, 1986).
- 83.
Huang Ren, Huang Ren ji, 324–325.
- 84.
Huang Ren, Huang Ren ji, 325.
- 85.
The definition reads as follows: “【wenxueshi】 (History of Literature) That which uses historical accounts to write about the writers and works of literature, is called History of Literature.” Hao Xianghui 郝祥輝, comp., Baike xin cidian, wenyi zhi bu 百科新辭典•文藝之部 (Shanghai: Shijie, 1922).
- 86.
Huang Ren, “Xiaoshuo lin fakan ci” 小說林發刊詞 [Inaugural Statement for Forest of Fiction], Xiaoshuo lin 1 (1907): 2, 3.
- 87.
Huang Ren, Huang Ren ji, 357.
- 88.
Huang Ren, Putong baike xin dacidian, Vol. zi 子 [1], 43–44.
- 89.
Huang Ren, Huang Ren ji, 342.
- 90.
See the definition of “Homer” 好美耳 in Huang Ren, Putong baike xin dacidian, vol. yin 寅 [3], 89.
- 91.
The 1985 publication of A Selection of Historical Chinese Literary Criticism was the first to include this essay of Huang Ren’s. It drew general attention in fiction circles. Huang Ren, “Xiaoshuo xiaohua” 小說小話 (1907–1908), in Zhongguo lidai xiaoshuo lunzhu xuan 中國歷代小說論著選, Huang Lin 黃霖, ed. (Nanchang: Jiangxi renmin, 1985).
- 92.
Huang Ren, Putong baike xin dacidian, vol. yin 寅 [3], 83.
- 93.
Hao Xianghui, Baike xincidian, wenyi zhi bu, 61.
- 94.
Tang Jinggao 唐敬杲 et al., Xin wenhua cishu 新文化辭書 [Encyclopaedic Dictionary of New Knowledge] (Shanghai: Shangwu, 1923), 661. On this work, also see the study by Barbara Mittler in this volume.
- 95.
In his preface to the Xin wenhua cishu, Tang Jinggao wrote: “Not desiring to be the same as ordinary dictionaries, which do no more than dispel uncertainties, or provide temporary reference use; we wished to encompass complete and systematic knowledge of all fields, in order to become a relatively concise and accurate small encyclopaedic dictionary, providing more or less satisfactory rescue to those starving for knowledge.” For this reason, the work’s English title was An Encyclopedic Dictionary of New Knowledge rather than the verbatim translation of the Chinese title as “An encyclopaedic dictionary of new culture.” Tang Jinggao, “Xu” 序 [Preface], in Xin wenhua cishu, ed. Tang Jinggao et al., 2.
- 96.
Jin Hechong 金鶴翀, “Huang Mu’an jiazhuan” 黃慕庵家傳 [Family Records of Huang Mu’an], in Huang Ren ji, 365–366.
- 97.
See Tang Zhesheng 湯哲聲 et al., comp., Huang Ren: pingzhuan・zuopin xuan, 黃人 :評傳・作品選 [Huang Ren: critical biography and selected works] (Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi, 1998), 101–102.
- 98.
Jin Tianyu 金天羽,, “Suzhou wu ge qiren” 蘇州五個奇人 [Biographies of five Suzhou eccentrics], in Jin Tianyu, Tianfanglou xu ji 天放樓續集 [Collection from the Tower to Let Go, Sequel], juan 4, letterpress edition, 1932.
- 99.
Huang Ren, Huang Ren ji, 325.
- 100.
Wang Guoping 王國平, “Dongwu Daxue de chuangban” 東吳大學的創辦 [The establishment of Soochow University], Suzhou Daxue xuebao 2 (2000): 35. The picture is reproduced further down on p. 305.
- 101.
Tang Zhesheng writes: “He also personally compiled A History of East Asian Culture, Dongya wenhua shi 東亞文化史, and A History of Chinese Philosophy, Zhongguo zhexue shi 中國哲學史.” Since no source is provided for this information, these works have been omitted here. Tang Zhesheng, Huang Ren: pingzhuan・zuopin xuan, 7.
- 102.
For the history of Soochow University, see the first chapter of Zhang Qifu 張圻福, Suzhou daxue shi 蘇州大學校史 [History of Suzhou Universities] (Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin, 1992); Lu Yilu 鹿憶鹿, Shiji chunfeng—Dongwu daxue jianxiao baijian tekan 世紀春風—東吳大學建校百年特刊 [The century’s spring breeze—special publication for the centenary of Soochow University’s establishment] (Taipei: Dongwu daxue, 2000); Kanke yu rongyao: Dongwu Daxue jianxiao bainian jinian wenji 坎坷與榮耀: 東吳大學建校百年紀念文集 [Hardship and honor: a collection of essays for the centenary of Soochow University’s establishment] eds. Zhang Manjuan 張曼娟 et al. (Taipei: Shulin, 2000); Wang Guoping 王國平, “Dongwu Daxue de chuangban.” 東吳大學的創辦 [The Establishment of Soochow University], Suzhou Daxue xuebao 2 (2000). Wang Guoping, ed., Dongwu Daxue: boxi Tianci zhuang 东吴大学: 博習天賜庄 [Soochow University: Broad Learning in Tianci Village] (Shijiazhuang: Hebei jiaoyu, 2003); Wang Xinrong 王馨榮, Tianci zhuang: xifeng xiezhaoli 天賜庄:西風斜照裡 [Tianci village: Amidst the decline of the Western fashion]. (Nanjing, Dongnan daxue, 2004).
- 103.
Wang Guoping writes that both 1900 and 1901 are defendable dates, with the 3rd month of 1901 being the most likely. Wang Guoping, “Dongwu Daxue de chuangban,” 104.
- 104.
See Wang Xinrong, Tianci zhuang: xifeng xiezhaoli, 180–182.
- 105.
See Yan Fu, “Yingwen baike quanshu pinglun.”
- 106.
See Jiang Chunfang, Cong leishu dao baike quanshu, 19–47; Liu Da 劉達, Baikequanshu gailun 百科全書概論 [A survey of encyclopaedias] (Beijing: Beijing hangkong hangtian daxue, 1992), 224–225. Jin Changzheng, Baike quanshu xue, 56–61.
- 107.
Zhu Dawen 朱大文 and Ling Gengyang 凌赓颺 write in their preface to A compendium of the governance and technical learning of all nations, Wanguo zhengzhi yixue quanshu 萬國政治藝學全書: “All of us felt strongly about this, and so we joined forces. We needed several months to select widely from translated work, of which there several dozens or hundreds, extract their essence, widely search to establish their accuracy, select the prime, remove the chaff, join it into a whole, and make a book.” Zhu and Ling, comps., Wanguo zhengzhi yixue quanshu (Shanghai: Hongwen shuju, 1901).
- 108.
From Huang’s “Preface” to his Putong baike xin da cidian.
- 109.
See Li Di, “Qingmo «Putong Baike Xin Da cidian» ji qi xueshu jiazhi.”
- 110.
Qian Zhonglian 錢仲聯, Mengtiaoan shihua 夢苕庵詩話 [Discussion of poetry from the Hut of the Dreamer of Rushes] (Jinan: Qilu, 1986), 49.
- 111.
See Wang Yongjian’s investigation and description of Huang Ren’s friendships. Wang Yongjian, <Suzhou qiren>. Huang Moxi pingzhuan, 50–70.
- 112.
Wu Mei 吳梅, Zhongguo xiqu gailun 中國戲曲概論 (Shanghai: Datong shuju, 1925).
- 113.
Information regarding Wu Mei’s Peking University textbooks in the collection of the Académie Française is included in Chen Pingyuan 陳平原, Zaoqi Beida wenxueshi jiangyi sanzhong 早期北大文學史講義三種 [Three early Peking University literary history textbooks] (Beijing: Beijing Daxue, 2005); as for the these lithographed textbooks and the connection with Wu Mei’s writings, see Chen Pingyuan, “Bu gai bei yiwang de ‘wenxueshi’” 不該被遺忘的‘文學史 [‘Histories of literature’ that should not be forgotten], Beijing daxue xuebao1 (2005): 71.
- 114.
Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment, 520, 4.
- 115.
Wenke da cidian. See the reproduction on p. 318
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Pingyuan, C. (2014). “Wenxue” in the Purview of Late Qing Encyclopaedias and Textbooks: With a Focus on Huang Ren’s Activities as Compiler. In: Doleželová-Velingerová, M., Wagner, R. (eds) Chinese Encyclopaedias of New Global Knowledge (1870-1930). Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35916-3_8
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