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Chinese Encyclopaedias of New Global Knowledge (1870-1930) pp 191–237Cite as

From The Register of Ancients to Befriend to Brief Biographies of Notables Worldwide: A Study of Late Qing Biographical Dictionaries

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Abstract

The dissemination of Western learning during the late Qing not only brought specific scientific knowledge to China it also introduced reference books that collected the knowledge of different disciplines. This prompted a transformation of category-books, leishu 類書, into encyclopaedic works and dictionaries. The resultant changes in the structure of contemporary Chinese knowledge systems offer an attractive subject for study. This chapter, while limiting itself to examining the editing and translating of late-Qing world biographical dictionaries, offers a glimpse of the whole picture through this specific example.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Sima Qian 司馬遷, Shiji 史記 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975), 488, 509.

  2. 2.

    In the “Shizu xu” 氏族序 [Introduction to the section on clans], Zheng Qiao 鄭樵 (1104–1162) wrote, “Since the Sui and the Tang, officials had service records, and families had genealogies. The selection of officials was invariably based on the service record, just as marriages were necessarily based on genealogies” (自隋唐而上, 官有簿狀, 家有譜系。 官之選舉必由於簿 狀, 家之婚姻必由於譜系). Zheng Qiao 鄭樵, Tongzhi ershi lüe 通志二十略 [General record in 20 overviews] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1995), 1:1.

  3. 3.

    Ouyang Xiu 歐陽修 (1007–1072) and Song Qi 宋祁 (998–1061), “Biography of Gao Jian [576–647]” Gao Jian zhuan 高儉傳. “At the beginning, meritorious deeds had been performed for Emperor Taizong of Tang by Shandong gentry. Later their families declined. But then the sons and grandsons recovered their reputation, and to marry their sons or daughters one needed to bring a lot of money. And so people said they were selling matrimony. For this reason, Shilian 士廉 [= Gao Jian] along with Wei Ting 韋挺, Cen Wenben 岑文本 [595–645] and Linghu Defen 令狐德棻 [582–666] created a genealogy of the realm. They were examining historical biographies; investigating truth and falsehood; advancing the loyal and wise; relegating the perverse and the evil; giving precedence to patrilineal imperial clansmen over matrilineal clansmen; relegating newly-risen families; advancing old houses, placing those who live in luxury into the right and the talented of low station into the left column. They collected 293 surnames and 1,651 families, assigned nine classes and called the work Genealogy of the Clans 氏族志, with Cui Gan 崔幹 still being first in precedence. The emperor said: ‘I have no obligations to the Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng families, and if their fortunes decline, I will not reinstate their posts, for they will continue to be greedy, unfilial and arrogant, selling and thieving. It is incomprehensible that they should be held in esteem. In Hebei there is the Qi clan; the Liang and Chen in Jiangnan, and although there are men of talent among them, these are remote places, and so these families cannot be esteemed. For this reason the Cui, Lu, Wang and Xie clans are the most important. My present councillors and ministers with their loyal learning have allowed me to secure the realm. Why should I heed reputation and ignore reality, hold these old houses, which sell matrimony, in honor? The highest honors are for those who have established virtue, then those who have rendered meritorious service, then those who have given good counsel. Following are the titled men, the dukes, the counts, the high officials, generation upon generation. These are what are called good houses. But today this has been reversed. Is it not reprehensible? I will classify them according to their merits today.’ Then Cui Gan was relegated to the third class of surnames, and the work classified the entire realm.” Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi, Xin Tangshu 新唐書 [New history of the Tang dynasty] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975), 95: 3841. 初, 太宗嘗以山東士人尚閥閱, 後雖衰, 子孫猶負世望, 嫁娶必多取貲, 故人謂之賣昏。 由是詔士廉與韋挺、岑文本、令狐德棻責天下譜諜, 參考史傳, 檢正真偽, 進忠賢, 退悖惡, 先宗室, 後外戚, 退新門, 進舊望, 右膏粱, 左寒畯, 合二百九十三姓, 千六百五十一家, 為九 等, 號曰氏族志, 而崔幹仍居第一。帝曰:「我於崔、盧、李、鄭無嫌, 顧其世衰, 不復冠冕, 猶 恃舊地以取貲, 不肖子偃然自高, 販鬻松檟, 不解人間何為貴之? 齊據河北, 梁、陳在江南, 雖有人物, 偏方下國, 無可貴者, 故以崔、盧、王、謝為重。今謀士勞臣以忠孝學藝從我定天下者, 何容納貨舊門, 向聲背實, 買昏為榮耶? 太上有立德, 其次有立功, 其次有立言, 其次 有爵為公、卿、大夫, 世世不絕, 此謂之門戶。今皆反是, 豈不惑邪? 朕以今日冠冕為等級高 下。」遂以崔幹為第三姓, 班其書天下。

  4. 4.

    Yong Rong 永瑢 et al., comp., “Wanxing tongpu” 萬姓統譜, in Siku quanshu zongmu 四庫全書總目, comp. Yong Rong et al., (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1981), 1153.

  5. 5.

    Yong Rong 永瑢 et al., “Paiyun shizu daquan” 排韻氏族大全, in. Siku quanshu zongmu, comp. Yong Rong et al., (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1981), 1175.

  6. 6.

    Liao Yongxian 廖用賢, Shang you lu 尚友錄, in Siku quanshu cunmu congshu, (Jinan: Qilu, 1995), vol. 218. The text here is based on a 1579 woodblock print.

  7. 7.

    Liao Yongxian’s “Zixu” 自敘[Compiler’s preface] to Shang you lu was written in 1617, while Shang Zhouzuo’s “Preface” to the same text was written in 1621.

  8. 8.

    Zhang Shu 張澍, “Wanxing tongpu,” 萬姓統譜 [On Collected Surname Genealogies] in Gujin xingshi shumu kaozheng 古今姓氏書目考証 [Investigation into surname books, old and new], MS Yenching University, n.d, n. p.

  9. 9.

    Yong Rong et al., “Wanxing tongpu.”

  10. 10.

    Yong Rong et al., “Shang you lu” 尚友錄 [On The register of ancients to befriend], in Siku quanshu zongmu 四庫全書總目, comp. Yong Rong et al. (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1981), 1175.

  11. 11.

    Ling Dizhi 凌迪知, “Zixu” 自序 [Compiler’s preface], in Wanxing tongpu 萬姓統譜 [Collected surname genealogies], comp. Ling Dizhi. In Jingyin wenyuange siku quanshu 景印文淵閣四庫全書 (Repr., Taibei: Taiwan shangwu, 1983), 956: 1b, 2b.

  12. 12.

    Ling Dizhi, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Wanxing tongpu, comp. Ling Dizhi (Taibei: Taiwan shangwu, 1983).

  13. 13.

    Yong Rong et al., “Wanxing tongpu.”

  14. 14.

    Liao Yongxian, “Zixu” 自敍 [Compiler’s preface], in Shang you lu, comp. Liao Yongxian.

  15. 15.

    Liao Yongxian, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Shang you lu, comp. Liao Yongxian.

  16. 16.

    Liao Yongxian, “Zixu.”

  17. 17.

    Ling Dizhi, “Fanli.”

  18. 18.

    James Legge, “The Works of Mencius,” in The Four Books with English Translations and Notes (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1933), 847.

  19. 19.

    Shang Zhouzuo 商周祚, “Xu” 序 [Preface], in Shang you lu, comp. Liao Yongxian.

  20. 20.

    Ge Jianxiong and Zhou Xiaoyun make the following remark in their study on historiography: “There was one book that writers of genealogies could not do without, namely The Register of Ancients to Befriend (the one in general use being the issue of the 15th year of the Wanli reign, compiled by Liao Yongxian). This book, which used rhyme as structure and surname as substructure, recorded the origin of each surname, its noble families, and the notable figures who bore the surname from the earliest times until the Song Dynasty, including their native places and the principle events of their lives. When writing the genealogy, an ancestor could be chosen arbitrarily, in order to find some way of establishing a link between one’s own clan and that person.” Ge Jianxiong 葛劍雄, Zhou Xiaoyun 周筱贇, Lishixue shi shenme 歷史學是什麽 [What is historiography] (Beijing: Beijing daxue, 2002), 104.

  21. 21.

    Ling Dizhi, “Fanli.”

  22. 22.

    Liao Yongxian, “Zixu.”

  23. 23.

    Shang Zhouzuo, “Preface” in Liao Yongxian, Shang you lu. The original sentence reads, “A scholar may make friends like the Huaiyin General, both respectable and marvellous, the more the better, and why tolerate the defective?”

  24. 24.

    Liao Yongxian, “Zixu.”

  25. 25.

    Lu Qiuke 陸求可, “Preface,” in Zengbu shang you lu 增補尚友錄, ed. Zhang Bocong 張伯琮 (Zhe Lanlin Tianlu, 1666).

  26. 26.

    Yong Rong et al., “Wanxing tongpu.”

  27. 27.

    Zhang Bocong 張伯琮, Zengbu shang you lu 增補尚友錄 [Revised and Enlarged Register of Ancients to Befriend] (Zhe Lanlin Tianlu, 1666). This comment is taken from Pan Zunqi, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Shang you lu xuji 尚友錄續集 [The register of ancients to befriend, continued].

  28. 28.

    Tuisi zhuren 退思主人, “Xu” 序 [Preface], in (Jiaozheng) Shang you lu xuji (校正)尚友錄續集 [The (corrected) register of ancients to befriend, continued], comp. Tuisi zhuren (Shanghai: Dianshizhai, 1888).

  29. 29.

    Tuisi zhuren 退思主人, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Shang you lu xuji, comp. Tuisi zhuren (Shanghai: Dianshizhai, 1888). Also, a line on the inside cover of this work announces that a Third Collection is to follow.

  30. 30.

    Li Peifang 李佩芳 and Sun Ding 孫鼎, comps., Guochao shang you lu 國朝尚友錄 [The register of ancients to befriend of the present dynasty] (Shanghai: Nanyang qiri, 1906).

  31. 31.

    “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Jiaozheng shang you lu san ji 校正尚友錄三集 (Shanghai: Baoshanzhai, 1903).

  32. 32.

    See Li Peifang’s and Sun Ding’s Guochao shang you lu, (which has “Editorial Principles” but does not provide publication details or dates) and Jiaozheng shang you lu si ji 校正尚友錄四集 [The fourth collection of the corrected register of the ancients to befriend] (Shanghai: Baoshan, 1903), which has no “Editorial Principles” and does not indicate the compiler’s name, but does provide publication details. There is also another edition of Ancients to Befriend of the Present Dynasty, which was published in 1902 by the publishers of the Shanghai Nanyang Weekly. Although Li’s and Sun’s names are given, the “Editorial Principles” are omitted.

  33. 33.

    Ying Zuxi 應祖錫, comp., Zengguang shang you lu tongbian 增廣尚友錄統編 (Shanghai: Hongbaozhai, 1902).

  34. 34.

    Wu Bangsheng 吳邦升, “Xu” 序 [Preface], in Zengguang shang you lu tongbian, comp. Ying Zuxi (Shanghai: Hongbaozhai, 1902).

  35. 35.

    Ying Zuxi, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Zengguang shang you lu tongbian, comp. Ying Zuxi (Shanghai: Hongbaozhai, 1902).

  36. 36.

    Tongwen shuju zhuren 通文書局主人, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Jiaozheng shang you lu tongbian 校正尚友錄統編 [The corrected combined register of ancients to befriend], ed. Qianhu diaotu 錢湖釣徒 (Shanghai: Tongwen, 1902).

  37. 37.

    The publication details for this work are lacking. The preface by Fu-ge-si was written in the autumn of Guangxu 28 (1902) and Soejima Taneomi’s preface in the 4th month of Meiji 35 (1902). These dates may serve as a point of orientation. The Sanetō Keishū Library in the Tokyo Municipal Library holds yet another print of the Waiguo shang you lu. It is a print of the Mingda xueshe 明達學社 in Shanghai, dated to the winter of the Guangxu reign year renyin (1902). The copy seen by me must have been a reprint of this edition.

  38. 38.

    Xiong Junyun 熊峻運, ed., Shizu jianshi (China: Wenkuitang, 1881). See also, Hepu Zhuxiajiushi’s 鶴浦柱下舊史, “Xu” 序 [Preface], in Liu Shuping, comp., Ershisi shi shang you lu.

  39. 39.

    Zhou Shitang 周世棠, “Preface,” in Taixi renwu yunbian, ed. Wang Chengjiao. The copy in the National Library of China, Guojia tushuguan 國家圖書館, does not include the preface. I am indebted to Zhong Shaohua 鍾少華 for his generous help.

  40. 40.

    Tashino Denshi 竜野元四, Gaikoku chimei jinmei jiten 外國地名人名辭典 (Tokyo: Ōkura shoten, 1903). By this time dictionaries like this already had a history in Japan. For an earlier example from 1879 see the study by Douglas Reynolds in this volume.

  41. 41.

    Zhou Shitang, “Preface,” in Taixi renwu yunbian.

  42. 42.

    Zhang Yuan 張元, comp., Waiguo shang you lu 外國尚友錄 (1902).

  43. 43.

    Wu Zuoqing 吳佐清, comp., Haiguo shang you lu 海國尚友錄 (Shanghai: Kuizhang shuju, 1903).

  44. 44.

    Fu-ge-si, “Xu” 序 [Preface], in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan. The title label on the cover to Wu Zuoqing’s work begins with Waiguo 外國, but when the compiler refers to his own work he always starts the title with Haiguo 海國. This does not involve a change in meaning.

  45. 45.

    In Gezhi shuyuan keyi 格致書院課藝 [Examination essays from the Shanghai Polytechnic Institution], ed. Wang Tao 王韬, the “Textiles Section” includes Wu Zuoqing’s essay “On Following Western Models of Silk Textiles Manufacture in China, How They Should Be Managed to Influence the Nation for the Mutual Benefit of Merchants and Citizens,” Zhongguo fangxing Xifa fangsha zhibu, ying ruhe chouban yi bi guojia shangmin jun zhan liyi lun 中國仿行西法紡紗織布, 應如何籌辦以俾國家商民均沾利益論, an assigned topic which earned him the guisi [1893] autumn Superior Second Place.

  46. 46.

    The 1900 Hongwen ge 宏文閣 edition of Shang you lu xuji 校正尚友錄續集, comp. Pan Zunqi潘遵祁, incorrectly renders Pan Zunqi 潘遵祁’s name as Pan Zunqi 潘遵祈. This error is retained in later works, including the 1903 Tongwen shuju 通文書局 edition of The Corrected Combined Register of Ancients to Befriend.

  47. 47.

    Fu-ge-si, “Xu,” in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan.

  48. 48.

    Wu Zuoqing, “Zixu” 自敍 [Compiler’s Preface], in Haiguo shang you lu, comp. Wu Zuoqing.

  49. 49.

    Fu-ge-si, “Xu,” in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan.

  50. 50.

    Fu-ge-si, “Xu,” in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan.

  51. 51.

    Soejima Taneomi 副島種臣, “Xu” 序 [Preface], in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan.

  52. 52.

    Wu Zuoqing, “Zixu,” in Haiguo shang you lu, comp. Wu Zuoqing.

  53. 53.

    Wu Zuoqing, “Zixu,” in Haiguo shang you lu, comp. Wu Zuoqing.

  54. 54.

    Wu Zuoqing’s “Zixu” is dated to the 7th month of Guangxu 28 [1902], by which time his Haiguo shang you lu was most likely already completed.

  55. 55.

    Entry “Meng-di-si-jiu” 蒙的斯鳩 [Montesquieu], in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan, juan 1, first shangping rhyme dong東.

  56. 56.

    Entry “Meng-te-si-qiu” 蒙特斯邱 [Montesquieu], in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan, juan 1, first shangping rhyme dong東.

  57. 57.

    Entry “Meng-di-si-jiu” 孟的斯鳩 [Montesquieu], in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan, juan 8, 24th qu rhyme jing敬.

  58. 58.

    Ren gong 任公 [=Liang Qichao], “Mengdisijiu zhi xueshuo” 蒙的斯鳩之學說, in Liang Qichao, “Yinbingshi ziyoushu” 飲冰室自由書 [Random notes from the Ice Drinker’s Studio], Qingyi bao 清議報 32 (Dec. 1899): 6b–10a. This essay is not included in the “Writings” 專集 section of the Yinbingshi he ji飲冰室合集 [Collected works from the Ice Drinker’s Studio], which Liang Qichao himself compiled. It is reproduced in a collection of Liang’s essays, which are left out from these collected works, see Xia Xiaohong, ed., ‘Yinbingshi heji’ jiwaiwen 《飲冰室合集》集外文 [Essays not collected in the Collected works from the Ice Drinker’s Studio] (Beijing: Beijing daxue, 2005).

  59. 59.

    Taixi xinshi lanyao 泰西新史攬要 [Essentials of the West’s recent history] (Shanghai: Mei Hua shuguan, 1898).

  60. 60.

    The source is Taixi xinshi lanyao, juan 1: 5b. The original phrase in Robert Mackenzie, The 19th Century. A History, 13th ed., ran, “Montesquieu had already taught to his countrymen the superiority of English institutions.”

  61. 61.

    Entry “Mei-te-nie” 梅特涅 [Metternich], in Waiguo shang you lu, juan, comp. Zhang Yuan, 3, tenth shangping rhyme hui灰.

  62. 62.

    Ibid.

  63. 63.

    Zhongguo zhi xinmin 中國之新民 [The Chinese Reformer of the People = Liang Qichao], “Xiongjiali aiguozhe Gasushi zhuan” 匈加利愛國者噶蘇士傳 [Biography of the Hungarian patriot Kossuth], in Xinmin congbao 新民叢報, nos. 4(Mar.1902): 31–43; 6(Apr.1902): 25–37; 7(May.1902): 39–52.

  64. 64.

    Entry “Tie-xue-zi,” 鐵雪子 [Master Ironsnow] in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan, eleventh ru rhyme mo陌, juan 10.

  65. 65.

    Entry “Yao-ge” 姚哥 [Hugo], in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan, juan 4, second xiaping rhyme xiao 蕭.

  66. 66.

    In the process of copying and printing, several of the following omissions and mistakes occurred: The words “said: women,” yan fu 言婦 have been omitted and the space has been left blank; “but mothers,” er wei mu 而為母 has changed to “those who are not mothers,” bu wei mu 不為母; “haunt about,” chumo 出沒 has turned into “beyond measure,” chu du 出度. More ridiculously, “affectionate as a little bird,” qing ru xiaoniao 情如小鳥 has turned into “affectionate as a mountain island,” qing ru shandao 情如山島, which is entirely without sense.

  67. 67.

    Zhongguo zhi xinmin 中國之新民 [=Liang Qichao], “Lun jinqu maoxian,” 論進取冒險 in Zhongguo zhi xinmin, “Xinmin shuo”, Xinmin congbao 5 (April 1902): 1–11.

  68. 68.

    Entries “Niu-dun” 牛頓 [Newton] and “Niu-dong,” 牛董 [Newton], in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan, juan 6, 11th xiaping rhyme you 尤. The original erroneously writes “eye” 眼 for “sleep” 眠.

  69. 69.

    Entry “Hua-te” 華忒 [Watt], in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan, juan 5, sixth xiaping rhyme ma 麻. Entry “Nai-duan” 奈端 [Newton], in Waiguo shang you lu, comp. Zhang Yuan, juan 8, ninth qu rhyme tai 泰.

  70. 70.

    Wu Zuoqing, “Fanli”凡例 [Editorial principles], in Haiguo shang you lu, comp. Wu Zuoqing.

  71. 71.

    Wu Zuoqing, “Fanli,” in Haiguo shang you lu, comp. Wu Zuoqing.

  72. 72.

    This is a widely quoted work, Wei-lian-chen 韋廉臣 [= Alexander Williamson], Gujiao huican: genyuan, yixiang, jieguo 古教匯參:根源, 意向, 結果 [Ancient religions and philosophies : their origin, aim, and issue] (Shanghai : Pub. by the “School and Text Book Series” Committee, Yizhi shuhui, 1882).

  73. 73.

    Entry “Suogeladi” 梭格拉底 [Socrates], in Haiguo shang you lu, comp. Wu Zuoqing , juan 1: 7a.

  74. 74.

    Liang Qichao, “Lun yishu 論譯書” [On translation], in Liang Qichao, “Lun xuexiao qi (bianfa tongyi san zhi yi): yi shu xu” 論學校七(= 變法通議三之七)譯書叙, Shiwu bao 29 (5th month 1897). (1897; repr. Taibei: Wenhai chuibanshe 1987), 1933.

  75. 75.

    Entry “Meng-de-si-jiu” 孟德斯鳩 [Montesquieu], in Haiguo shang you lu, comp. Wu Zuoqing, juan 5: 9a.

  76. 76.

    Ling Dizhi 凌迪知, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Wanxing tongpu, comp. Ling Dizhi.

  77. 77.

    Wu Zuoqing, “Fanli,” in Haiguo shang you lu, comp. Wu Zuoqing.

  78. 78.

    Entry “Lu-suo” 盧梭 [Rousseau], in Haiguo shang you lu, comp. Wu Zuoqing, juan 5: 9a, b.

  79. 79.

    Entry “Lu-suo yan pingdeng ziyou” 盧騷言平等自由 [Rousseau’s teachings on equality and freedom], in Haiguo shang you lu, comp. Wu Zuoqing, juan 8下 Yinyong gushi kao 引用故實攷: 16 a, b.

  80. 80.

    Entry “Yidali” 意大利 [Italy], in Haiguo shang you lu, comp. Wu Zuoqing, juan 8上 Yinyong guoming kao (diming fu) 引用國名考(地名附) [Examination of cited country names (Addendum for geographical names)]:11b.

  81. 81.

    An example are Yan Fu’s rules in the “Regulations for the Metropolitan College Translation Bureau”: “As a rule, when beginning to translate a work, the various translators should each have a record in which they will list all specific nouns in order according to the Western alphabet. First, the translators should produce draft translations, or use existing translations (names of countries and places should be translated according to publications of the Board of Foreign Affairs and A Short Account of Maritime Circuits, Yinghuan zhilüe 瀛寰志略). Once comprehensive translations have been determined, they should be listed in such works as “A Table of Definitions for Terms of New Learning,” Xinxue mingyi biao 新學名義表and “A Table of Personal and Geographical Names,” Ren, di zhuan ming biao 人、地專名表, to be comprehensively compiled for imperial and enforcement, in order to bring about standardisation,” in Yan Fu 嚴復, Yan Fu ji 嚴復集 [Yan Fu works] (Beijing: Zhonghua, 1886), 1: 128.

  82. 82.

    Gao Fengqian 高鳳謙, “Fanyi Taixi youyong shu jiyi” 繙譯泰西有用書籍議 [On translating useful Western works], Shiwu bao 時務報26 (May, 1897): 1779–1881.

  83. 83.

    “Benguan gaobai” 本舘告白 [Announcement by our publishing house], Shiwu bao 13, (December, 1896): 890.

  84. 84.

    Zhang-bo-er 張伯爾 [=Chambers], comp., Shijie mingren zhuanlüe 世界名人傳略/One Thousand Biographies Selected from Chambers Biographical Dictionary Translated for Shansi Imperial University [Brief Biographies of Notables Worldwide], comp. and trans. Dou Yuean 竇樂安 [= John Darroch] (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1908).

  85. 85.

    Dou Yuean, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles] and Xu Jiaxing 許家惺, “Xu” 序 [Preface], in Shijie mingren zhuanlüe, comp. Zhang-bo-er.

  86. 86.

    The editor’s preface to Chambers’s Biographical Dictionary states, “the total number of persons treated must a good deal exceed 10,000.” David Patrick and Francis Hindes Groome, eds., Chambers’s Biographical Dictionary. The Great of all Times and Nations. (London and Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers, 1899), 1. Many thanks to Chen Dandan 陳丹丹 and Yang Lianfen 楊聯芬, who provided the English quote.

  87. 87.

    Xu Jiaxing, “Xu,” in Shijie mingren zhuanlüe, comp. Zhang-bo-er, 1.

  88. 88.

    Shanxi daxuetang yishuju山西大學堂譯書局 [Shanxi University Translation Academy], “Diqiu qian mingren kao” 地球千名人考 [On a thousand notables of the earth], Wanguo gongbao 萬國公報, nos. 172 (1903): 19a–20b; 173(1903): 13a–15a; 174(1903): 11a–12b.

  89. 89.

    Shanxi daxuetang yishuju, “Diqiu qian mingren kao,” Wanguo gongbao 172 (1903): 19b–20a.

  90. 90.

    Dou Yuean, “Fanli,” in Shijie mingren zhuanlüe, comp. Zhang-bo-er.

  91. 91.

    Huang Ding黃鼎, “‘H’ Biography No. 8”, in Shijie mingren zhuanlüe, comp. Zhang-bo-er, 41. Hugo’s dates of birth and death here are erroneous. It should read 1802–1885. The English-language version is correct. See the editions from 1897 to 1900 on, 509–510.

  92. 92.

    Dou Yuean, “Fanli,” in Shijie mingren zhuanlüe, comp. Zhang-bo-er.

  93. 93.

    Dou Yuean, “Fanli,” in Shijie mingren zhuanlüe, comp. Zhang-bo-er.

  94. 94.

    Dou Yuean, “Fanli,” in Shijie mingren zhuanlüe, comp. Zhang-bo-er.

  95. 95.

    Zhang Zaixin 張在新, “‘M’ Biography No. 13,” in Shijie mingren zhuanlüe, comp. Zhang-bo-er, 48–49. The translation both deletes and adds to the original. Where the 1897 edition reads “Born on the 18th of January, 1689, in the manor of La Brède, near Bordeaux, France,” (669) the translation retains only the year and the general place name. “When Louis XV was a child on the throne, Fei-li (Philip), the Duke of Ao-lin-si (Orleans) was regent, and [the court] was endlessly debauched. Pained by the corruption of state affairs” as well as “exhausting the energies from 20 years” has been added by the translator. Brief Biographies of Notables Worldwide also frequently puts the dates of birth and death, which are incorporated into the text in the English original immediately below the name of the figure.

  96. 96.

    Entry “Li Hung-Chang” in Chambers’s Biographical Dictionary, eds. David Patrick and Francis Hindes Groome (1899), 591.

  97. 97.

    Dou Yuean and Zhang Zaixin, “‘L’ Biography No. 12” in Shijie mingren zhuanlüe, comp. Zhang-bo-er, 18–19.

  98. 98.

    Entry “Li Hung-Chang,” in David Patrick and Francis Hindes Groome, eds., Chambers’s Biographical Dictionary (1899), 591. Compared with the three editions 1897, 1898, and 1900, the 1899 edition omits the sentence “Li Hung-Chang is one of China’s most enlightened statesmen” and added, “In 1898 he played into the hands of Russia, and was dismissed.”

  99. 99.

    Yinbingshi zhuren 飲氷室主人 [= Liang Qichao], Li Hongzhang, yiming Zhongguo sishi nian lai dashiji 李鴻章, 一名中國四十年來大事記 [Li Hongzhang, or a chronicle of China for the last 40 years] (Yokohama: Qingyibao guan, 1901).

  100. 100.

    Zhang Juying 章巨膺, “Fanli”凡例 [Editorial principles], in Yilin shang you lu 醫林尚友錄 [The register of ancients to befriend in medicine], comp. Zhang Juying (Shanghai: Zhang Juying yiyu, 1936).

  101. 101.

    Ren Zhuo, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Nüzi shang you lu, comp. Ren Zhuo (Manuscript, 1942).

  102. 102.

    Zang Lihe 臧勵龢, “Fanli” [Editorial principles], in Zhongguo renming da cidian 中國人名大辭典, comp. Zang Lihe et al. (Shanghai: Shangwu, 1921), 1.

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  1. Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Xia Xiaohong

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Xiaohong, X. (2014). From The Register of Ancients to Befriend to Brief Biographies of Notables Worldwide: A Study of Late Qing Biographical Dictionaries. In: Doleželová-Velingerová, M., Wagner, R. (eds) Chinese Encyclopaedias of New Global Knowledge (1870-1930). Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35916-3_7

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