Japanese Encyclopaedias: A Hidden Impact on Late Qing Chinese Encyclopaedias?

Reynolds, Douglas R.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35916-3_6

Japanese Encyclopaedias: A Hidden Impact on Late Qing Chinese Encyclopaedias?

Douglas R. Reynolds³

Chapter
First Online: 01 January 2013

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Part of the book series: Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context ((TRANSCULT))

Abstract

In 1887–1889, Fu Yunlong 傅雲龍 (1840–1901), a Chinese travel envoy to Japan, compiled and published a masterful study called Japan, with Maps and Tables, Youli Riben tujing 遊歷日本圖經, in 30 juan 卷. In that work, Fu cites the 175-year-old Japanese compendium, Illustrated Japanese-Chinese Bilingual Encyclopaedia, Wa-Kan sansai zue 倭漢三才図会 (sometimes written 和漢三才図会) of Terajima Ryōan 寺島良安 (ca. 1662–1732), published in 1713. The inspiration for this Japanese work was the Ming dynasty Illustrated Book of the Three Realms [of Heaven, Earth, and Man], Sancai tuhui 三才圖會 by Wang Qi 王圻 (1530–1615), published first in 1609.

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Notes

1.
Fu Yunlong 傅雲龍, Youli Riben tujing 遊歷日本圖經 (Tokyo, 1889; Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2003). In its 2003 version, it is 609 printed pages—each of which constitutes two double-pages of the 1889 original. Throughout this essay, the following citation format allows readers to find citations in various published editions. For example, Fu Yunlong, Youli Riben tujing (1889; 2003), 308 (18: 10b) means page 308 of the 2003 edition with its continuous pagination, and (18: 10b) means juan 18, page 10 side b of the 1889 imprint, organized by juan with double pages (sides a and b).
2.
A juan 卷 is a traditional Chinese stitched volume numbering from 10 to 60 or more printed pages, often boxed together. Fu’s 30-juan work has well over 1,000 double pages in its 1889 typeset printed edition.
3.
Terajima Ryōan 寺島良安, Wa-Kan sansai zue 倭漢三才図会 (Osaka: Kyōrindō, 1713; and Osaka: Okada Saburōemon, 1715). Of the many editions published in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, one of the most notable is Wa-Kan sansai zue (4 vols.; Tokyo: Chūkindō, 1884–88) reset in modern print, which preserves the organization of the 1715 edition, with preface and index, and is now consecutively paginated. Various digital versions of the 1713 and 1715 editions, as well as later editions, may be accessed by a Google search in English (enter “Hathi Trust Wa-Kan sansai zue”), or in Japanese (enter 和漢三才図会). These, however, are sometimes not viewable due to copyright restrictions. Fu Yunlong cites Wa-Kan sansai zue in Fu Yunlong, Youli Riben tujing (1889, 2003), 219 (10:11a and 11b), 221 (15:a), and 354 (19:22b), when discussing Japanese marriage and funeral practices, seasonal celebrations, and Japanese criminal law. The 1884–88 reprint edition of Terajima’s work is the one most likely to have been consulted by Fu Yunlong.
4.
Wang Qi 王圻, Sancai tuhui 三才圖會 (106 juan; 1609; reprinted in 3 vols.; Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1988). For an English-language introduction to Wang Qi’s work, see John A. Goodall, Heaven and Earth: Album Leaves from a Ming Encyclopedia: San-ts’ai t’u-hui, 1610 (Boulder, CO: Shambala Publications, Inc., 1979).
5.
Fu Yunlong, Youli Riben tujing (1889; 2003), 308 (18: 10b).
6.
The terms bu and rui do not always appear, but are Terajima’s organizing principle as mentioned in Fujiwara [Hayashi] Nobuatsu 藤原[林] 信篤, “Ryakujo” 略序 [Brief preface], in Wa-Kan sansai zue (1713), preface volume, 2b. Terajima himself alludes to bu and rui in his editorial principles and in the opening of his detailed list of contents.
7.
The 1901 edition of Wa-Kan sansai zue (Kōfu: Naitō Onkodō, 1901) is helpful in that all the different prefaces are printed in standard type, in contrast to the 1713 and 1715 originals and other editions, often written in cursive “grass” script.
8.
Terajima explains the purpose of his i-ro-ha alphabetical index in the last item of his editorial principles, and further in the opening of his alphabetical detailed list of contents. Terajima labels his indexes alternatively shō mokuroku 小目録 and sō mokuroku 総目録.
9.
Terajima Ryōan, Wa-Kan sansai zue (Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 1906).
10.
Terajima Ryōan, Wa-Kan sansai zue (2 vols.; Tokyo: Tōkyō Bijutsu, 1970), 1: 19–77. Other Tōkyō Bijutsu photoreproduction editions include 1976, 1979, 1995, and 2004.
11.
For a critical new version of Terajima’s Bilingual Encyclopaedia that pays special attention to fine points of organization and scholarship, see Terajima Ryōan, Wa-Kan sansei zue, translated from Kanbun into modern Japanese, with annotations, by Shimada Isao 島田勇雄, Takeshima Atsuo 竹島淳夫, and Higuchi Motomi 樋口元巳 (18 vols.; Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1985–91).
12.
Terajima Ryōan, “Hanrei” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Wa-Kan sansai zue (1906), 2; (1901), 8.
13.
Higuchi Hideo 樋口秀雄, “Terajima Ryōan to Wa-Kan sansai zue” 寺島良安と和和漢三才図会 [Terajima Ryōan and Illustrated Japanese-Chinese bilingual encyclopaedia], in Terajima, Wa-Kan sansai zue, 1:4 (Tōkyō Bijutsu, 1970), lists each of the six juan under “Heaven,” each of the 48 juan under “Man,” and the remainder of the 105 juan under “Earth.” This tripartite framework of Heaven, Man, and Earth is identified by the superscript characters ten 天、jin 人、and chi 地 in the Contents of the original 1713 and 1715 editions, and also in the Contents of the 1906 edition. It is dropped, unfortunately, from the recomposed Contents list of the 1970 edition and from most later editions.
14.
See the two non-author prefaces, the author’s preface, and postface of Wa-Kan sansai zue. These are conveniently grouped together in readable type-set printed form in the 1901 Naitō Onkodō edition, 1–10.
15.
Terajima Ryōan, “Jijo” 自叙 [Author’s preface], in Wa-Kan sansai zue (1901), 5.
16.
Terajima Ryōan, “Jijo,” 6.
17.
“Encyclopaedia,” in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9106030, 4 (accessed on March 24, 2009).
18.
“Encyclopedia—Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia” makes this point on page 3 when discussing “method of organization.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia (accessed on March 17, 2009).
19.
“Encyclopaedia,” in Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 15–16, discusses the topic of “Controversy and bias” in encyclopaedias.
20.
Terajima Ryōan, “Hanrei,” in Wa-Kan sansai zue (1713), “head” volume at the front, 9a–10b; (1901), 7–8; and (1906), 1–2.
21.
Note that the 18-volume modern translation published by Heibonsha 平凡社 (1985–1991) includes at the back of every volume a section “Notes on Sources Cited,” Shomei chū 書名注, for just that volume, a valuable scholarly addition to Wa-Kan sansai zue.
22.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga 弥吉光長, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku 百科事典の整理学 [Typologies of encyclopaedias] (Tokyo: Takeuchi Shoten, 1972), discusses setsuyōshū under Kokubun kei 国文系 or Japanese-lineage reference works, 185–87. (More on this below.)
23.
Yokoyama Toshio, “The Illustrated Household Encyclopedias that Once Civilized Japan,” in Written Texts—Visual Texts: Woodblock-printed Media in Early Modern Japan, eds. Susanne Formanek and Sepp Linhart (Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 2005), 47. See also Toshio Yokoyama, “In Quest of Civility: Conspicuous Uses of Household Encyclopedias in Nineteenth-Century Japan,” Zinbun: Memoirs of the Research Institute for Humanistic Studies (Kyoto), no. 34 (1999), 197–222. Note that Yokoyama’s name appears in the Japanese order of surname first in the first publication, and in the western order of surname last in the second publication.
24.
Donald H. Shively, “Popular Culture,” The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 4: Early Modern Japan, ed. John Whitney Hall (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 721. Yokoyama gives the figure of “at least 500 different editions” in “Illustrated Household Encyclopedias,” 47.
25.
“Setsuyōshū” 節用集 [Quick reference book], in Heibonsha dai hyakka jiten 平凡社大百科事典 [Encyclopedia Heibonsha] (16 vols.; Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1984–85), 8: 610.
26.
Fujiwara [Hayashi] Nobuatsu, “Ryakujo”, in Wa-Kan sansai zue (1713), “head” volume at the front, 2b; and (1906), 4.
27.
Mary Elizabeth Berry, Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006). Berry may be usefully supplemented by Shively, “Popular Culture.”
28.
The term “a quiet revolution in knowledge” appears in Berry, Japan in Print, 18 and 209; “information revolution” appears on p. 211, and “information texts” appears on pages 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 35, 42, 45, 51, and 257 n. 7.
29.
Or, as Donald Shively has pointed out, from around 1650, there was an explosion of “books of instruction” often written “in simple language for easy reading.” Shively, “Popular Culture,” 727.
30.
Marcia Yonemoto, Mapping Early Modern Japan: Space, Place, and Culture in the Tokugawa Period (1603–1868) (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 15.
31.
Berry, Japan in Print, 35.
32.
Chie Nakane, “Tokugawa Society,” in Tokugawa Japan: The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan, eds. Chie Nakane and Shinzaburō Ōishi (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1990), 230. Again, see also Donald H. Shively, “Popular Culture.”
33.
Ronald P. Dore, “The Legacy of Tokugawa Education,” in Changing Japanese Attitudes Toward Modernization, ed. Marius B. Jansen (Princeton UP, 1965), 99–131, and Ronald P. Dore, Education in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965), remain the baseline for discussions on literacy figures in late-Tokugawa Japan.
34.
Evelyn Sakakida Rawski, Education and Popular Literacy in Ch’ing China (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1979), 140; also, 23 and 82.
35.
Endymion Wilkinson, Chinese History: A Manual (1998; revised and enlarged; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 608. See, in general, “31. Leishu 類書,” 601–09. On the relationship between these older Chinese encyclopaedias for daily use and the encyclopaedias of new knowledge, see the contribution by Barbara Mittler in the present volume.
36.
Terajima Ryōan, “Jijo,” in Wa-Kan sansai zue (1906), 12/(1901), 5, refers to Wa-Kan sansai zue as the product of more than 30 years of effort.
37.
Peter Kornicki, The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 192–205, discusses “The Growth of the Publishing Trade” focused around Kyoto, Osaka, and Edo in the seventeenth century.
38.
See also Berry, Japan in Print, 196, and Shively, “Popular Culture,” 721.
39.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 170–80, discusses various early kinmō zui. More briefly, see Shively, “Popular Culture,” 720–21.
40.
Berry, Japan in Print, 196; also, 19–20. Digital reproductions of Jinrin kinmō zui can be seen at the Japanese National Diet Library site of http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/index.html. Search by entering kinmō zui 訓蒙図彙 in Kanji.
41.
Berry, Japan in Print, 196. See also Nagatomo Chiyoji 長友千代治, Chōhōki no chōhōki: seikatsu shi hyakka jiten hakkutsu 重宝記の調方記 : 生活史百科事典発掘 [In search of chōhōki: Excavating encyclopaedias of daily life] (Kyoto: Rinsen shoten, 2005).
42.
Shively, 720.
43.
“Bencao gangmu” 本草綱目 [English title] in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencao_Gangmu (accessed on March 27, 2009). See also Endymion Wilkinson, Chinese History: A Manual, 662.
44.
Higuchi Hideo 樋口秀雄, “Terajima Ryōan to Wa-Kan sansai zue” 寺島良安と和和漢三才図会 [Terajima Ryōan and Illustrated Japanese-Chinese Bilingual Encyclopaedia], in Wa-Kan sansai zue, by Terajima Ryōan (2 vols.; Tokyo: Tōkyō Bijutsu, 1970), 1: 4–6. Higuchi is with the Cultural Division of the Tokyo National Museum.
45.
Google searches of Terajima Ryōan—and to a lesser extent “Wa-Kan sansai zue”—bring up a fascinating array of citations and uses.
46.
Higuchi, “Terajima Ryōan to Wa-Kan sansai zue,” 1:1, 5, and 7.
47.
Berry, Japan in Print, 26, 31–32, and 35–40; also Higuchi Hideo, “Terajima Ryōan to Wa-Kan sansai zue,” 1:6.
48.
David Johnson, Andrew J. Nathan, and Evelyn S. Rawski, eds., Popular Culture in Late Imperial China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), discusses publishing in Qing China across genres and geographical regions.
49.
Pan Jun 潘鈞, Riben cishu yanjiu 日本辭書研究 (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 2008), 77–78 and 350–51.
50.
See Pan Jun, Riben cishu yanjiu, 199 and 22, respectively.
51.
Pan Jun, Riben cishu yanjiu, 81. For other references by Pan to setsuyōshū, see 77–78 and 350–51, and also under jieyongji 節用集 in his “Index of Reference Works by Name,” 362.
52.
Pan Jun, Riben cishu yanjiu, 74.
53.
Yayoshi, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 178–91.
54.
Higuchi Hideo, “Terajima Ryōan,” in Terajima, Wa-Kan sansai zue 1: 5. Higuchi also calls Wa-Kan sansai zue “Japan’s first illustrated encyclopaedia” (1:1 and 4). See also “Japanese Encyclopedias—Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,” at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_encyclopedias, p. 1, accessed on February 28, 2009.
55.
Yayoshi, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 186.
56.
“Encyclopedia—Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,” p. 7, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia (accessed on March 17, 2009). The phrase “universally recognized as the father of the modern encyclopaedia” in reference to Ephraim Chambers appears also in “encyclopaedia,” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9106030 (accessed on March 24, 2009).
57.
Kunō Seikō 久能清香, “Kinsei no sekaikan: Wa-Kan sansai zue [1713] to Morokoshi kinmō zui [1719] no kōsatsu” 近世の世界観—«和漢三才図会»と«唐土訓蒙図彙»の考察 [Two early modern worldviews: A comparison of Wa-Kan sansai zue (1713) and Morokoshi kinmō zui (1719)], Hiroshima Jogakuin Daigaku kokugo kokubungakushi, 37 (2007), 61–77.
58.
Huang Zunxian 黃遵憲, Ribenguo zhi 日本國志 (40 juan; Yangcheng [Guangzhou]: Fuwenzhai, 1890/1895). Rev. ed. 1897 (Yangcheng [Guangzhou]: Fuwenzhai, 1897). For a photoreprint of the 1897 revised edition, see (rev. ed., 1897; Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2001), with added name index. For a punctuated version of same ed., see (rev. ed., 1897; 2 vols.; Tianjin: Tianjin renmin chubanshe, 2005), eds. Wu Zhenqing, Xu Yong, and Wang Jiaxiang. The present study cites this Tianjin punctuated version, giving page reference followed in parentheses by juan or chapter number, for readers without access to the 2005 edition. Cited as Huang Zunxian, Ribenguo zhi (rev. ed., 1897; 2005). Yet another punctuated edition of Ribenguo zhi (rev. ed., 1897) was published in Huang Zunxian quanji 黃遵憲全集, ed. Chen Jing (2 vols.; Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2005), 2:817–1566.
59.
“Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Huang Zunxian, Ribenguo zhi (rev. ed., 1897; 2005), 1:7.
60.
Berry, Japan in Print, includes much information on internal factors contributing to new Japanese departures.
61.
Arakawa Kiyohide 荒川清秀, “Formation and Dissemination of Japanese Geographical Terminologies,” in Mapping Meanings: The Field of New Learning in Late Qing China, eds. Michael Lackner and Natascha Vittinghoff (Leiden: Brill, 2004), 451–67, includes examples of geographical terms created by Japanese scholars from Dutch originals, later adopted by China.
62.
Shen Guowei 沈國威, Jindai Zhong-Ri cihui jiaoliu yanjiu: Hanzi xinci de chuangzhi, rongshou yu gongheng 近代中日詞彙交流研究: 漢字新詞的創制, 容受與共亨 [Studies of the exchange of terminology between modern China and Japan: Character-based neologisms created by Japan, and their Chinese reception and assimilation] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2010), 69–98.
63.
Noel Chomel, Dictionnaire oeconomique, or, The Family Dictionary, revised and recommended by Mr. R. Bradley (2 vols.; London: Printed for D. Midwinter, 1725).
64.
Grant Kohn Goodman, Japan and the Dutch, 1600–1853 (Richmond: Surrey: Curzon, 2000), 131.
65.
“Hyakka jiten,” in Heibonsha dai hyakka jiten, vol. 12:651.
66.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 192–93.
67.
Goodman, Japan and the Dutch, 129–32.
68.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 193–94, gives reasons for the interruptions.
69.
Goodman, Japan and the Dutch, 131. Publication of the full set of manuscripts occurred only in 1978–79. See “Hyakka jiten,” in Heibonsha hyakka jiten, 12:651.
70.
Fukukama Tatsuo 福鎌達夫, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū 明治初期百科全書の研究 [Studies of Early-Meiji encyclopaedias] (Tokyo: Kazama Shobō, 1968), 11 and 13–14.
71.
Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 11 and 65–67.
72.
Zhihuan qimeng was the translation into Chinese of Graduated Reading; Comprising a Circle of Knowledge, in 200 Lessons. Gradation 1 (London, 1840), by Charles Baker. In 1856, James Legge published this Chinese translation for use as a bilingual Chinese-English textbook at his Anglo-Chinese Academy in Hong Kong. For the greatest detail and analysis, see Shin Kokui (Shen Guowei) 沈國威 and Uchida Keiichi 内田慶市, Kindai keimō no sokuseki: Tōzai bunka kōryū to gengo sesshoku, “Chikan keimō jukuka shoho” no kenkyū 近代啓蒙の足跡: 東西文化交流と言語接触、「智環啓蒙塾課初歩」の研究 [Footprints of modern enlightenment: Cultural flows and language contacts between East and West, a study of A circle of knowledge in 200 lessons, gradation 1] (Suita: Kansai Daigaku Shuppanbu, 2002). See also Masuda Wataru, “The Zhihuan qimeng and Related Texts,” in Masuda Wataru, Japan and China: Mutual Representations in the Modern Era, trans. Joshua A. Fogel (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 11–15. Translated from Masuda Wataru, Seigaku Tōzen to Chūgoku jijō: ‘zassho’ sakki [The eastward movement of Western learning and conditions in China: Notes on ‘Various books’] (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1979). Masuda’s important overview is available in Chinese translation as Xixue Dongjian yu Zhong-Ri wenhua jiaoliu 西學東漸與中日文化交流 [The eastward movement of Western learning and cultural interactions between China and Japan] (Tianjin: Tianjin shehui kexue yuan chubanshe, 1993).
73.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku. The full title of the original work is The Standard Library Cyclopaedia of Political, Constitutional, Statistical and Forensic Knowledge: Forming a Work of Universal Reference on the Subjects of Civil Administration, Political Economy, Finance, Commerce, Laws and Social Relations (4 vols.; London: H. G. Bohn, 1848–49). Appropriately, Taisei seiji ruiten is organized under the four sections of “law,” Hōritsui 法律, “administration,” Gyōsei 行政, “economics,” Keizai 経済, and “society,” Shakai 社会. Yayoshi thus classifies it as a “specialized encyclopaedia” (senmon jiten 専門事典).
74.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 202.
75.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 202–03.
76.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 201–02, clusters these and other Keizai Zasshi Sha publications together.
77.
Shen Guowei 沈國威, Liuhe congtan: fu jieti, suoyin 六合叢談: 附解題•索引 [Shanghae serial {1857–58}: With analyses and index] (Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe, 2006), 3, 29–30, 126, and 521–22.
78.
Shen Guowei, Liuhe congtan, 29–31; also, 26–28.
79.
Shen Guowei, Liuhe congtan, 31.
80.
See Shen Guowei, Liuhe congtan, 126–30; also, 27–28. Compare these with the full contents list in Liuhe congtan, 18–24.
81.
These 12 titles, in Chinese and English, are listed in Shen Guowei, Liuhe congtan, 128–29. The full Chinese translations appear in Shen Guowei, Liuhe congtan, 517–779, the complete 15 issues of Liuhe congtan in photoreproduction.
82.
Shen Guowei, Liuhe congtan, 3 and 37. Note that Shen Guowei, Liuhe congtan, 18–24, lists the contents of all 15 issues of Liuhe congtan, identifying by asterisk those religious items expurgated from the Japanese releases. The number of pages devoted to religious topics, by issue, appears separately in a table on p. 24.
83.
See Shen Guowei, Liuhe congtan, 36–40 and 218–19.
84.
Shen Guowei, Liuhe congtan, 3–5.
85.
Chen Pingyuan, “‘Wenxue’ in the Purview of late Qing Encyclopaedias and Textbooks—With a Focus on Huang Ren’s Activities as Compiler,” 249–250. More on the Encyclopaedia Britannica below.
86.
“The Charter Oath,” translated in Sources of Japanese Tradition, comps. Ryusaku Tsunoda, Wm. Theodore de Bary, and Donald Keene (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), 644; also in Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume Two: 1600–2000, abridged, Part Two: 1868–2000, comps. Wm. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck, and Arthur E. Tiedemann (2nd ed.; New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 2: Pt. 2:7–8.
87.
Preface by W. and R. C. [William and Robert Chambers], for Chambers’s Information for the People (3rd ed.; London and Edinburgh, 1848–49; Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1857), preface dated Edinburgh, November 1, 1848. See http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cache/a/j/d/ajd7014.0001.001 (accessed March 18, 2009). Italics in the original.
88.
For Nishi Amane’s earlier, more verbatim rendering of the term ‘encyclopaedia’, see the Introduction to the present volume.
89.
Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 22–25, lists these by date of completion and publication, Japanese title, name of translator, and sales price.
90.
Zhong Shaohua 鐘少華, Renlei zhishi de xin gongju: Zhong-Ri jindai baike quanshu yanjiu 人類知識的新工具: 中日近代百科全書研究 [A new tool for human knowledge: Modern encyclopaedias in China and Japan] (Beijing: Beijing tushuguan, 1996), illustrates this with photographs of covers, including Hyakka zensho at the front of his book.
91.
Kang Youwei 康有為, Riben shumu zhi 日本書目志 (1898), in Kang Youwei, Kang Youwei quanji 康有為全集, comp. and punctuated by Jiang Yihua 姜義華 and Zhang Ronghua 張榮華 (12 vols.; Beijing: Zhongguo Renmin Daxue chubanshe, 2007), 3: 261–524, passim.
92.
Ueda Masaki 上田正昭 et al., eds., Konsaisu jinmei jiten: Nihon hen コンサイス人名事典. 日本編 [Concise biographical dictionary: Japan] (Tokyo: Sanseido, 1976), 1072–73; and Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 196. For a chart that pinpoints organizational responsibility for translation work (1811–80), see Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 40.
93.
Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 41.
94.
“Hyakka jiten,” in Heibonsha dai hyakka jiten, 12:652.
95.
Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 57.
96.
Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 30–37, lists every one of the English categories along with their Japanese translations in Chinese characters, name of the Japanese translator, and the overseer of each translation. For a comment on the challenges of translating unknown terms, see Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 196–97.
97.
These insights led Fukukama to open his study of early-Meiji encyclopaedias with the chapter, “Kinsei jitsugaku shisō no henten to Meiji shoki hyakka zensho” 近世実学思想の変転と明治初期百科全書 [Transformations in modern-era realist thinking and encyclopaedias of the Early-Meiji period], in Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 3–15.
98.
Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 53–58, 59–60, discusses the matter of editions.
99.
Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 30–37, identifies these translations by Japanese title, English original title, Japanese translator, and name of Japanese commentator or scholarly reviewer. See also p. 21, for Japanese title and a phonetic kana rendition of the English original.
100.
Furuya Tsuyoshi 古屋矯, “Hyakka zensho jo” 百科全書叙 [preface of Hyakka zensho] (dated August 1873), in Hyakka zensho:Kyōdōsetsu 百科全書: 敎導説 [Education], tr. Mitsukuri Rinshō 箕作麟祥 (Tokyo: Monbushō, 1875), 1.
101.
The names and institutional ties of these 47 translators and reviewers appear conveniently in a chart in Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 372–73.
102.
Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 22–25, lists by date of publication the title of each item, its translator, and sales price.
103.
Preface, Chambers’s Information for the People (3rd, 4th, and 5th eds.), viewed online in various editions through Digital Books Index and Google Book Search. This passage is also quoted in Andrea Janku, “New Methods to Nourish the People,” in the present volume.
104.
David Patrick, “Editorial Note,” Chambers’s Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge, New Ed. (10 vols.; London and Edinburgh, 1888–92), Vol. 10: [iii].
105.
Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 30–37, lists the contents of a 20-volume edition from various years and perhaps different publishers.
106.
Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 57–59; and Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 197.
107.
Fukukama Tatsuo, Meiji shoki hyakka zensho no kenkyū, 79–338, photoreproduces the opening pages of each entry of this bilingual edition, with additional commentary and discussion as needed. Also reproduced are the cover and contents of each of the 12 issues (June 1883–August 1884).
108.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 196–97. For context, see Tanaka Katsuhiko, “The Discovery of a National Language (Kokugo) in Meiji Japan,” trans. Ian Astley and Ted Mack, in Canon and Identity—Japanese Modernization Reconsidered: Trans-Cultural Perspectives, ed. Irmela Hijiya-Kirschnereit (Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Japanstudien, 2000), 107–16.
109.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 200, refers to the high standards and expectations of the Edo School of Evidentiary Studies, Edo kōshōgaku 江戸考証學.
110.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 198–200. Yayoshi itemizes the 30 mon on pp. 199–200. See also Pan Jun, Riben cishu yanjiu, 202. For the reprinting in China of a large-scale traditional encyclopaedia in the 1880s and 1890s and its use as a gift to educational institutions in the West, see the Introduction to this volume.
111.
Sakakibara Yoshino 榊原芳野 (1832–1881), comp., Bungei ruisan 文藝類纂, 8 juan (Tokyo: Monbushō, 1878).
112.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 200–01.
113.
Yoshida Izuho 吉田五十穂. Seiyō jinmei jibiki: Iroha wake 西洋人名字引: 伊呂波分 [Biographical dictionary of Westerners, in i-ro-ha order] (Tokyo: Yoshida Izuho, 1879). On the much later Chinese-language encyclopaedic dictionaries of foreigners, see the study by Xia Xiaohong in this volume.
114.
For the listing of titles, go to the Japanese National Diet Library site at http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/index.html and search under Teikoku hyakka zensho (enter using Chinese characters).
115.
Douglas R. Reynolds, China 1898–1912: The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan (Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1993), 117–18, offers comments and bibliographic leads on this grand undertaking. On this encyclopaedia, see also the study by Milena Doleželová-Velingerová in this volume.
116.
Urs Matthias Zachmann, China and Japan in the Late Meiji Period: China Policy and the Japanese Discourse on National Identity, 1895–1904 (London and New York, Routledge, 2009), reveals Japan’s obsessive concern at the turn of the century with grasping the meaning of “[Western] civilization” (文明 bunmei; Ch. wenming) and the corollary concern for the West to accept Japan as a “civilized power.”
117.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 258–59.
118.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 203.
119.
“Encyclopedia Japonica” is printed on the cover of this series’s publications. See Zhong Shaohua, Renlei zhishi de xin gongju, photographs of covers at the front of his book.
120.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 204, gives different publication details that cannot be confirmed.
121.
Yayoshi Mitsunaga, Hyakka jiten no seirigaku, 204.
122.
This book is forthcoming in the series “Asia Past & Present: New Research from AAS,” published by the Association for Asian Studies.
123.
“Meiji Revolution” is increasingly common as an English translation for the Japanese term Meiji Ishin. See, for example, “The Meiji Revolution,” Chap. 11 of Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000), 333–70.
124.
From “Jinshi aiguo zhishi ge” 近世愛國志士歌 [Patriotic heroes in the modern age], poem in Huang Zunxian 黃遵憲, Renjinglu shicao 人境廬詩草 [Poems (by Huang Zunxian) from the Renjinglu (Hut within the human realm)], with notes and commentary (jianzhu) by Qian Zhonglian 錢仲聯 (2 vols.; 1936; 1957; rev. ed. 1981; rev. ed., Beijing: Zhongguo qingnian, 2000), 218 (juan 3). The stock expression “yi yidai shui” also appears in Huang Zunxian, “Ribenguo zhi xu” 日本國志序 [preface to Treatises on Japan], in Huang Zunxian, Ribenguo zhi 日本國志 [Treatises on Japan] (1898; 2 vols.; Tianjin: Tianjin renmin chubanshe, 2005), 1:4.
125.
See “Appendix C. Funds Supplied to Chinese Legations in Major Foreign Countries [1878–1909] (in taels),” in Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, China’s Entrance into the Family of Nations: The Diplomatic Phase, 1858–1880 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960), 218–19. For Japan in 1878, the amount was 82,460 taels; for England, 61,886 taels; for France, 20,030 taels; and for US-Peru-Spain (1879) 200,000 taels.
126.
For other examples of this commitment to first-hand evidence and objectivity at that time in China, see the studies by Natascha Gentz and Rudolf Wagner in this volume.
127.
Of the many editions of Riben zashi shi, the most useful is Huang Zunxian, Riben zashi shi (guang zhu) 日本雜事詩 (廣注) [Poems on Japan topics (with expanded commentaries)], compiled, annotated, and punctuated by Zhong Shuhe, with an introduction by Zhong (537–59), as well as an index, in Zouxiang shijie congshu (“From East to West: Chinese travellers before 1911”), ed. Zhong Shuhe 鐘叔河 (10 vols.; Changsha: Yuelu shushe, 1985), vol. [3]: 535–813. Here, the poems are listed, numbered, and titled, and cross-referenced material has been included from other key sources.
128.
See note to the concluding verse of Poems on Japan Topics, in Renjinglu shicao (2000), 2:897. Sanetō Keishū adopts these nine categories in 1943 directly from this note by Huang, in Sanetō Keishū 實藤惠秀, “Kaisetsu” 解說 [Commentary], in Nihon zatsuji shi 日本雑事詩, edited by Sanetō Keishū and Toyota Minoru 豊田穣 ([1943] rev. ed., Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1968), 320.
129.
Huang Zunxian, Ribenguo zhi (rev. ed., 1897; 2005), 1:1–3. Translated with reference to Noriko Kamachi, Reform in China: Huang Tsun-hsien and the Japanese Model (Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1981), 48–49.
130.
Huang Shengren 黃升任, Huang Zunxian pingzhuan 黃遵憲評傳 [A critical biography of Huang Zunxian] (Nanjing: Nanjing daxue, 2006), 266–67, conveniently brings together the names of leading Japanese publications from which Huang Zunxian copied or paraphrased materials, with footnote citations to the best Chinese scholarship on this question.
131.
Zheng Hailin 鄭海麟, Huang Zunxian zhuan 黃遵憲傳 [Biography of Huang Zunxian] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2006), 167, comments that forty biao appear in Huang’s treatises under shihuo (the economy and fiscal affairs), 38 under bing (military systems), 21 under wuchan (production and handicrafts), and 19 under dili (geography).
132.
Zheng Hailin, Huang Zunxian zhuan, 178, 197–205, points out that the year-by-year chronological treatment of Meiji reforms applies especially to Huang’s treatises on guotong (history; juan 3 on Meiji period), zhiguan (government offices and administration), shihuo (the economy and fiscal affairs), bing (military systems), and xingfa (criminal and penal codes).
133.
Noriko Kamachi, Reform in China: Huang Tsun-hsien and the Japanese Model (Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1981), is an insightful study of things that are special and new.
134.
See Huang Wanji, Li Shuchang pingzhuan [Li Shuchang: A critical biography] (Guiyang: Guizhou renmin chubanshe, 1989).
135.
Xia Xiaohong 夏曉虹, “Huang Zunxian yu Riben Mingzhi wenhua” 黃遵憲與日本明治文化 [Huang Zunxian and Meiji Japan Culture]. Xueshu jie no. 1 (2000): 58–77. Xia’s note about “the profound enlightenment of Japanese social science” appears in the English abstract of this article.
136.
Satō Saburō 佐藤三郎, “Meiji zenki ni okeru Chūgokujin no Nihon chiri kenkyū” 明治前期における中国人の日本地理研究 [Geographical studies of Japan by Chinese in the early Meiji period], in Rekishi chiri 歷史地理 84, no. 1 (June 1953): 15, identifies the most important Japanese sources.
137.
Yao Wendong 姚文棟, Riben dili bingyao 日本地理兵要 [Japan’s geography and its defence]. 10 juan. (Beijing: Zongli Yamen, 1884. Reprinted in Riben junshi kaochaji 日本軍事考察集, Wang Baoping 王寶平 et al., eds., Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2004).
138.
Wang Baoping 王寶平, “Jieti” 解題 [Explanatory note] in Riben junshi kaochaji, 1.
139.
Wang Baoping 王寶平, “Huang Zunxian yu Yao Wendong: Ribenguo zhi zhong leitong xianxiang kao” 黃遵憲與姚文棟:日本國志中類同現象考 [Huang Zunxian and Yao Wendong: The similar practice [of plagiarism] in the two men’s Ribenguo zhi] In Jindai yilai Zhong-Ri wenhua guanxi de huigu yu zhanwang 近代以來中日文化關係的回顧與展望, eds. Hu Lingyuan 胡令遠 and Xu Jingpo 徐靜波 (Shanghai: Shanghai Caijing Daxue chubanshe, 1999), 226 and 230, explains why Yao’s deliberate effort at obfuscation constitutes plagiarism.
140.
Naimushō Chishika 内務省地誌課 and Tsukamoto Akitake 塚本明毅, comps., Nihon chishi teiyō 日本地誌提要 (77 juan in 4 vols; Tokyo: Nippōsha, 1872–76).
141.
Yao’s nine geographical areas and 24 men, and the names of 99 Japanese sources and of 12 Japanese scholars are enumerated in Yao Wendong, “‘Ribenguo zhi’ fanli” [Editorial principles for “Ribenguo zhi”], in Yao Wendong 姚文棟, Dong cha zazhu 東槎雜著 [Miscellaneous writings during a sojourn in Japan] (Shanghai: 1893) (?), 47a–50b. Of 12 named Japanese scholars, including Tsukamoto Akitake 塚本明毅 (lead editor of Nihon chishi teiyō), Nakane Shuku 中根淑 (author of Heiyō Nihon chiri shōshi, the main source of Yao’s Riben dili bingyao), Okamoto Kensuke 岡本賢輔, Oka Senjin 岡千仞, and Komaki Masanari 小牧昌業, Yao writes, “These men are at once experts in geography and masters of history. I consulted them often, and they saved me from error numerous times” (50a).
142.
Letter from Yao Wendong to Minister Li Shuchang (1884), in Yao Wendong, Dong cha zazhu, 27a.
143.
Chen Jialin 陳家麟, Dong cha wenjian lu 東槎聞見錄 [Records of things heard and seen in Japan] (Tokyo, 1887).
144.
Chen Jialin 陳家麟, “Fanli” 凡例 [Editorial principles] in Chen Jialin, Dong cha wenjian lu, 2a.
145.
Xu Zhiyuan 徐致遠, “Xu” 敍 [preface], in Chen Jialin, Dong cha wenjian lu, 5b–6a (not included in Wang Xiqi, Xiaofanghu zhai yudi congchao). As seen in this preface, Xu Zhiyuan himself had hoped to write an even more ambitious encyclopaedic reference study of Japan.
146.
Satō Saburō 佐藤三郎, “Meiji jidai zenki ni okeru Chūgokujin Nihon kenyūsho ni tsuite” 明治時代前期における中国人日本研究書について [On Chinese writings about Japan during the Early Meiji period]. In Satō Saburō, Kindai Nit-Chū kōshō shi no kenkyū 近代日中交涉史の研究 (Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 1984), 13.
147.
Satō Saburō, “Meiji jidai zenki ni okeru Chūgokujin Nihon kenyūsho ni tsuite,” 12, lists these 64 topical headings under their respective juan or volumes.
148.
Chen Jialin, “Fanli,” in Chen Jialin, Dong cha wenjian lu, 1a–b.
149.
Gu Houkun 顧厚焜, Riben xinzheng kao 日本新政考 (Shanghai: Shanghai shuju, 1894). Reprinted in Qiuziqiangzhai zhuren 求自強齋主人 (= Liang Qichao), comp., Xizheng congshu 西政叢書 (Shanghai: Zhenji shuzhuang, 1897). Photoreproduction of the 1897 version in Liu Yuzhen 劉雨珍 and Sun Xuemei 孫雪梅, comp., Riben zhengfa kaochaji 日本政法考察集 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2002), 1–38. The photoreproduction of 2002 is the version cited here, giving page numbers for both the 2002 reprint and its copied original, the 1897 Xizheng congshu edition.
150.
On this historic and unprecedented mission by China, see Wang Xiaoqiu 王曉秋, “Jindai Zhongguoren zouxiang shijie de yici shengju: 1887 nian haiwai youlishi chutan” 近代中國人走向世界的一次盛舉—1887 年海外游歷使初探 [A grand enterprise of modern Chinese to go out into the world: A preliminary discussion of the 1887 overseas travel mission]. In Wang Xiaoqiu, Jindai Zhongguo yu shijie: Hudong yu bijiao 近代中國與世界 : 互動與比較 (Beijing: Zijincheng chubanshe, 2003), 33–50. In English, see Wang Xiaoqiu, “A Masterful Chinese Study of Japan from the Late-Qing Period: Fu Yunlong and His Youli Riben tujing,” in Sagacious Monks and Bloodthirsty Warriors: Chinese Views of Japan in the Ming-Qing Period, ed. Joshua A. Fogel (Norwalk, CT: EastBridge, 2002), 200–17.
151.
Gu Houkun 顧厚焜, “Riben xinzheng kao zixu” 日本新政考自序, in Gu Houkun, Riben xinzheng kao (1897, 2002), 2 (1:2a). Wang Xiaoqiu, Jindai Zhong-Ri wenhua jiaoliu shi [A history of modern Sino-Japanese cultural interactions] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1992, 2000), 197–98, quotes key passages from Gu’s preface, with punctuation and sharp printing, both of which are most helpful.
152.
Wang Xiaoqiu, Jindai Zhong-Ri wenhua jiaoliu shi, 197–98.
153.
The nine bu and their 73 kao for reference are conveniently listed in “contents” (mulu), in Gu Houkun, Riben xinzheng kao (1897, 2002), 3 and 19 (1:4a and 2:1a, 1b).
154.
See note 1 above.
155.
Li Shuchang 黎庶昌, “Youli Riben tujing xu” 遊歷日本圖經叙, in Fu Yunlong, Youli Riben tujing (1889, 2003), 5.
156.
Fu Yunlong 傅雲龍, “Fanli,” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Fu Yunlong, Youli Riben tujing (1889, 2003), 608 (30:8a).
157.
Wang Baoping 王寳平, “Fu Yunlong Youli Riben tujing zhengyin wenxian kao” 傅雲龍《遊歷日本圖經》徵引文獻考 [A bibliographical study of Fu Yunlong’s Japan, with Maps and Tables], in Zhejiang Gongshang Daxue xuebao 89, no. 2 (2008):76.
158.
“Li Hongzhang ziwen [bingpi]” 李鴻章的咨文 [並批] [Li Hongzhang’s comments (on Ribenguo zhi)], App. 1 of Wang Licheng 王立誠, “Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong tuijian Ribenguo zhi de ziwen” 李鴻章、張之洞推薦《日本國志》的咨文, in Zhongguo Shixuehui 中國史學會 and Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Jindaishi Yanjiusuo 中國社會科學院近代史研究所, comps., Huang Zunxian yanjiu xinlun: Jinian Huang Zunxian zheshi yibai zhounian Guoji Xueshu Taolunhui lunwenji 黃遵憲研究新論 : 紀念黃遵憲逝世一百周年國際學術討論會論文集 (Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian, 2007), 47–48. See also Li Changli 李長莉, “Huang Zunxian Ribenguo zhi yanqi xingshi yuanyin jiexi” 黃遵憲〈日本國志〉延遲行世原因解析 [An analysis of the delay in publication of Huang Zunxian’s Ribenguo zhi], in Zhongguo Shixuehui et al., comps., Huang Zunxian yanjiu xinlun, 49–81. Huang Shengren, Huang Zunxian pingzhuan, 268–73, has a good summary discussion of these points.
159.
“Li Hongzhang ziwen [bingpi],” 46–47. Li Hongzhang’s repudiation of Huang’s claims is discussed in Li Changli, “Huang Zunxian Ribenguo zhi yanqi xingshi yuanyin jiexi,” 65–66.
160.
See Huang Zunxian, Ribenguo zhi (rev. ed., 1897; 2005), 2:1008. The 1895 assessment did not include Huang Zunxian’s request to Li Hongzhang. The 2005 edition includes Li’s bingpi as an appendix, out of historical interest.
161.
Li Hongzhang, “Youli Riben tujing xu,” in Fu Yunlong, Youli Riben tujing (1889, 2003), 3.
162.
Chow Jen Hwa, China and Japan: The History of Chinese Diplomatic Missions in Japan, 1877–1911 (Singapore: Chopmen Enterprises, 1975), contains much on Li Hongzhang’s positive interest in Japan, including his personal selection of every one of China’s early Ministers to Japan. See also Key-Hiuk Kim, “The Aims of Li Hung-chang’s Policies toward Japan and Korea, 1870–1882,” in Samuel C. Chu and Kwang-Ching Liu, eds., Li Hung-chang and China’s Early Modernization (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 145–61.
163.
Wang Licheng, “Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong tuijian Ribenguo zhi de ziwen,” in Zhongguo Shixuehui et al., comps., Huang Zunxian yanjiu xinlun, 47–48.
164.
Wu Zhenqing 吳振清, “Qian yan” 前言 [Foreword], in Huang Zunxian, Ribenguo zhi (rev. ed., 1897; 2005), 1:2.
165.
Zhang Zhidong, “Xu” 序 [preface], in Jiang Biao 江標, comp., Gezhi jinghua lu 格致精華錄, 1b (Shanghai (?), 1890).
166.
Mary Backus Rankin, “‘Public Opinion’ and Political Power: Qingyi in Late Nineteenth Century China,” The Journal of Asian Studies, 41, no. 3 (May 1982), 453–84, analyses the qingyi phenomenon in rich detail.
167.
Shen Guowei 沈國威, “Kang Youwei ji qi Riben shumu zhi” 康有爲及其日本書目志 [Kang Youwei and his Bibliography of Japanese Books], Wakumon, no. 5 (2003): 55–56, charts Kang’s 15 categories and the number of titles under each category. I am indebted to Shen Guowei, professor of Chinese at Kansai Daigaku in Osaka, for sending me a copy of this excellent article, and to Joachim Kurtz of the University of Heidelberg for introducing me to his good friend Shen Guowei.
168.
Kang Youwei, “Zixu” 自敍 of Kang Youwei, Riben shumu zhi, in Kang Youwei quanji, 3:263.
169.
Kang Youwei, “Zixu,” of Kang Youwei, Riben shumu zhi, in Kang Youwei, Kang Youwei quanji, 3:264.
170.
“Hanrei” 凡例 [Editorial principles], in Tōkyō Shoseki Shuppan Eigyōsha Kumiaiin shoseki sōmokuroku 東京書籍出版営業者組合員書籍総目録 [Book catalogue of members of the Tokyo Association of Book Publishers and Booksellers] (Tokyo: 1893), 1–2.
171.
Shen Guowei, “Kang Youwei,” 67; also 56. See also Wang Baoping 王寳平, “Kō Yū’i Nihon shomoku shi shutten kō 康有為日本書目志出典考 [On the sources of Kang Youwei’s Bibliography of Japanese Books], Kyūko 57 (June 2010): 13–29.
172.
Shen Guowei, “Kang Youwei,” 55–56, gives the number of 109, in a chart that identifies Kang’s 15 categories, number of titles in each, number of anyu, and the word count of Kang’s anyu.
173.
See Kang Youwei 康有爲, Riben bianzheng kao 日本變政考, in Kang Youwei, Kang Youwei quanji, 4: 101–294. For a detailed description and analysis of the original Imperial Palace edition of this work, see Wang Xiaoqiu 王曉秋, “Kang Youwei Riben bianzheng kao pingjie 康有爲日本變政考評介 [A review of Kang Youwei’s Riben bianzheng kao], in Wang Xiaoqiu, Jindai Zhong-Ri guanxi shi yanjiu 近代中日關係史研究 (Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui kexue, 1997), 64–82.
174.
Kung-chuan Hsiao [Xiao Gongchuan], A Modern China and a New World: K’ang Yu-wei, Reformer and Utopian, 1868–1927 (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1975) devotes part three, Chaps. 6–9 (pp. 193–406) to Kang’s ideas for political, administrative, economic, and educational reforms, respectively.
175.
Kang Youwei, “Riben bianzheng kao xu” [preface of Riben bianzheng kao], in Kang Youwei, Kang Youwei quanji, 4: 103–04. On Kang’s central role in the 1898 Reform Movement, see Young-Tsu Wong [Wang Rongzu], “Revisionism Reconsidered: Kang Youwei and the Reform Movement of 1898,” The Journal of Asian Studies, 51.3 (August 1992), 513–44.
176.
See Zheng Hailin 鄭海麟, Huang Zunxian zhuan 黃遵憲傳 [Biography of Huang Zunxian] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2006) 260–62. The full Japanese citation is Sashihara Yasuzō 指原安三, Meiji seishi 明治政史 (12 vols.; Tokyo: Fuzanbō, 1892–93). Sashihara’s complete work can be accessed and viewed digitally on the Japanese National Diet Library website, http://kindai.ndl.go.jp. Perhaps because of Kang’s dependence on Sashihara, he avoids listing Meiji seishi in his Riben shumu zhi under zhengzhi (politics and administration). See Kang Youwei, Kang Youwei quanji, 3:327–42.
177.
Kang Youwei, “Riben xinzheng biao” 日本新政表 [Table of Japanese Xinzheng reforms], in Kang Youwei, Kang Youwei Riben bianzheng kao, vol. 8: juan 13:1–38 Reproduced in Kang Youwei, Kang Youwei quanji, 4:275–94.
178.
Ibid.; see also Wang Xiaoqiu, “Kang Youwei Riben bianzheng kao pingjie,” in Wang, Jindai Zhong-Ri guanxi shi yanjiu, 70.
179.
Liang Qichao 梁啟超, “Datong Yishu Ju xu li” 大同譯書居敍例 [Datong Translation Bureau Guidelines], Shiwu bao 時務報 [Chinese Progress], No. 42 (1897), 3–4; quoted in Reynolds, China, 1898–1912, 112–13.
180.
Liang Qichao, “Lun xue Riben wen zhi yi 論學日本文之益” [On the Value of Learning Japanese], Editorial of Qingyi bao 清議報 [The China Discussion], No. 10 (1899), 3, quoted in Reynolds, China, 1898–1912, 114.
181.
Marianne Bastid-Bruguière, “The Japanese-Induced German Connection of Modern Japanese Ideas of the State: Liang Qichao and the Guojia lun of J. K. Bluntschli,” in The Role of Japan in Liang Qichao’s Introduction of Modern Western Civilization to China, ed. Joshua A. Fogel (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California [2004]), 118; see also 186.
182.
Bastid-Bruguière, “The Japanese-Induced German Connection of Modern Japanese Ideas of the State: Liang Qichao,” 156 and 177, respectively.
183.
Shen Guowei, Jindai Zhong-Ri cihui jiaoliu yanjiu, 24–25.
184.
Reynolds, China, 1898–1912: The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan, discusses revolution in its two main dimensions of intellectual revolution (Chaps. 4–6) and institutional revolution (Chaps. 7–10).

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Department of History, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
Douglas R. Reynolds

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Milena Doleželová-Velingerová
Exzellenzcluster "Asia and Europe", Karl Jasper Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
Rudolf G Wagner

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Reynolds, D.R. (2014). Japanese Encyclopaedias: A Hidden Impact on Late Qing Chinese Encyclopaedias?. In: Doleželová-Velingerová, M., Wagner, R. (eds) Chinese Encyclopaedias of New Global Knowledge (1870-1930). Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35916-3_6

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35916-3_6
Published: 22 February 2013
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