Abstract
Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of neurodevelopmental deficits and mortality in children. Although the exact pathophysiology is not fully understood, brain injury is resulted from decreased cerebral blood flow and hypoxemia that leads to impaired cerebral autoregulation. Focal brain injury may be associated with arterial or venous infarct. The pattern of the injury and prognosis depend on the severity and duration of hypotension and the degree of brain maturation. Accurate identification and characterization of the severity, extent, and location of brain injury are important to facilitate optimal management. Neuroimaging, including ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, has its own advantages and disadvantages. Advanced MR techniques such as diffusion-weighted MR imaging and MR spectroscopy provide further information on HIE and the potential for therapeutic intervention.
Traumatic injuries of the brain and spine in young infants and children have many different aspects compared with adults owing to immature brain and not fully developed surrounding soft tissue and bony structures. Birth trauma and nonaccidental injury are especially peculiar types of trauma in pediatric patients.
Cerebral vascular malformations are the most important cause of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in pediatric patients, and vasculopathy causing pediatric stroke is also discussed in this chapter.
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© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Kim, J.H. (2014). Brain and Spine Injury and Cerebral Vascular Disorders. In: Kim, IO. (eds) Radiology Illustrated: Pediatric Radiology. Radiology Illustrated. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35573-8_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35573-8_5
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