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Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Injuries

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Trigeminal Nerve Injuries

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Abstract

Facial expressions provide unique insight into an individual’s emotions, and distinct, universal facial expressions have been identified for a multitude of emotions [23]. The anatomy involved with facial expression has been the interest of many investigators over the years. Ekman and Friesen [25] defined 46 action units that correspond to independent facial movements. Darwin, a student of Charles Bell, sought to anatomically describe the musculature involved in specific facial expressions [24]. Rubin (1974) studied the active, dominant facial musculature and its vector of pull during smiling and described the three main smile types. This anatomical interest in facial expression holds particular importance to the reconstructive surgeon treating facial nerve injuries. Subtle recreation of native anatomy is the ultimate goal, one that is most challenging for dynamic expression.

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  1. Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave. , Campus 8238, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Alison Snyder-Warwick MD, Thomas H. Tung MD & Susan E. Mackinnon MD

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  1. , Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Illinois, S. Paulina St. MC 835 801, Chicago, 60612, Illinois, USA

    Michael Miloro

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Snyder-Warwick, A., Tung, T.H., Mackinnon, S.E. (2013). Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Injuries. In: Miloro, M. (eds) Trigeminal Nerve Injuries. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35539-4_15

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