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Into the Fourth Decade: The Failed Professor

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Solitude of a Humble Genius - Gregor Johann Mendel: Volume 1

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Abstract

Eighteen forty-eight was a year of crisis not only in the private life of Gregor Mendel but also in the lives of whole nations in western and central Europe.2 In the Habsburg Empire, the preceding period from 1815 to 1848 was marked by calm and stability. The dominion was at peace, the economy prospered moderately, and the police became quite efficient in dealing quietly with any attempts to change the existing state of affairs. Klemens von Metternich, originally acting on behalf of Franz I, and since 1835 on behalf of the feebleminded Ferdinand I, saw to this. But late into the Metternich period, the stillness became oppressive, turning into the proverbial calmness before the storm. The empire began to change through developments over which Metternich had no control.

Abbreviation: FM Folia Mendeliana. Supplementum ad Acta musei Moraviae. Moravské zemské muzeum Brno, published since 1966

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References and Notes

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  16. In Brno, though not only there, many Germans believed Napp to be of Czech extraction, which he clearly was not. In Mendel’s family in Hynčice, too, grandmother Rosina Mendel told her grandsons that Napp did not like uncle Gregor because the uncle was a German. One of the grandsons, Ferdinand Schindler, then relayed this information to Mendel’s biographer, Hugo Iltis (see letters 2 and 6 in164). According to the grandmother, this was the reason why Napp did not want her son to pass the examination to become a professor and did not want him to study at the University of Vienna. None of it is true, of course, and the question is who invented these stories, the mother or her son? It is unthinkable that Gregor would have come up with such insinuations, which he knew were not true. It is possible, however, that frustrated with the developments in the abbey, he complained to his mother about them and that she interpreted her son’s hints her own way

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  26. Others have argued that Napp did not know about the petition, on the grounds that if had he known about it, he would not have allowed it to leave the abbey (See26)

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  28. After the dissolution of the Reichstag, the documents concerning its activities, including the petition of the six St. Thomas friars, were transferred from Kroměříž back to Vienna and ultimately ended up in the state archives. Not in the general archive, as one might have expected, but in the military archive. There, in 1955, Erika Weinzierl-Fischer found the petition accidentally while searching for materials pertaining to Mendel. See28

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  40. The correspondence concerning the visitation was carried out in Latin. Czihak and Sladek published its German translation as a set of appendices to their article (see26)

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  41. (a) Sajner J (1967) Gregor Johann Mendel und Znajm. Forschung, Praxis, Fortbildung. Organ für die gesamte praktische und theoretische Medizin 18: 677–685. In addition to containing details of Mendel’s 1-year sojourn to Znojmo, this article is appended also with transcripts of the chief documents pertaining to it. (b) Wisnar J (1909) Gregor Johann Mendel. Ein Gedenkblatt dem Andenken an den genialen Forscher gewidmet. Znaim 1909. (c) Wisnar J. Gregor Johann Mendel. In Jahresbericht des k. k. Gymnasium in Znaim für das Schuljahr 1908/1909 Verlag des k. k. Gymnasium, Znaim pp.21–35. (d) Siegel L (1909) Znaim, die erste Lehrstätte des grossen Naturforschers Johann Gregor Mendels. Znaimer Wochenblatt 60(5): 1–2

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  42. This interpretation, favored by most Mendel’s biographers, is contradicted by the testimony of his mother Rosina, as mediated by Ferdinand Schindler. In at least three letters addressed to H. Iltis (Nos. 2, 6, and 10 in164, dated in Butovice September 6, 1902, July 22, 1909, and April 6, 1912, respectively), Schindler repeated the claim that Napp was unfavorably disposed toward Mendel, supposedly because he (Napp) was Czech and as such favored the Czech over the German faction in the abbey. The specific accusations included that Napp did not give Mendel enough time to prepare himself for the teachers’ examination, he did not allow him to take this examination, and he did not want to allow him to study in Vienna. Ferdinand Schindler was surprised to hear from Iltis that Mendel did take this examination twice and failed. Was Mendel misinforming his family about what was happening in the abbey, perhaps because he was ashamed to admit his failures? Or was all this the delusion of an aging mother who cannot admit to herself that her favorite son was not infallible? Whichever might have been the case, this version of the story is clearly invalidated by the known facts

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  43. Mendel’s “Autobiographie” (1850) In168, pp. 74–77. For an English translation, see A. Iltis: Gregor Mendel’s autobiography. J Heredity 45:231—234, 1954. Purkyně University at Brno published a bibliophilic edition of the autobiography under the title Gregorii Mendel Autobiographia Iuvenilis. Ad centesimum Quinquagesium J. G. Mendel natalen. Universitas Purkyniana Brunensis 1972

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  44. Iltis H (1924) Gregor Johann Mendel. Leben, Werk und Wirkung. Julius Springer, Berlin, An English translation by E. and C. Paul was published under the title Life of Mendel by George Allen & Unwin, London 1932

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  48. In the hierarchy of the abbey, Václav Šembera (1807–1881) was the third in command. After Napp, the abbot, and Vorthey, the prior, Šembera was the subprior. He was the cousin of Alois Vojtěch Šembera (1807–1882), then a well-known Czech patriot, writer, journalist, linguist, and historian of literature, born in Nové Mýto near Pardubice, Bohemia. Whether the subprior just happened to be on the road when Mendel arrived at Znojmo or was checking on him is unclear. At the abbey the subprior occupied himself with administration, including the training and supervision of the novices, and some pastoral work

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  49. Mendel’s letter of October 31, 1849, to Rambousek is published on p. 128 of163

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  50. See two letters to Rambousek of July 14, (1852?) and October 14 (1852?) published in ref. 165, pp. 128 and 129

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  52. For the text of Schaffgotsch’s letter on Mendel’s election to the abbot’s office, (see Richter50, pp. 59–61)

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  53. The minister’s letter was published in the Reichs-Gesetz-und Regierungsblatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich, Jahrgang 1849, No. 36

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  55. Gicklhorn R (1973) Gregor Mendels Lehramtsprüfung und Studienzeit in Wien. Biologische Rundschau 7(4):145–159

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  56. The original letter was published by Sajner40a (document No. 2). An English translation appeared in168. The extract from the letter that we quote is our own translation

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  57. The original German transcription of the documents is provided by Sajner40a (see document No.3) and its English translation by Ryan168. Both this and the preceding document (see55) are written in what Iltis43 called “abominable German.” In our translation of the excerpts, we did not try, at least not intentionally, to preserve the bureaucratic flavor of these letters

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  58. See document No. 12 in Sajner’s40a article

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  59. Gicklhorn54 writes that in the Einreichungs-Protokoll book the name Gregor Mendel is entered for the first time on April 17, 1850, which would imply that the letter reached the office on that day. In reality, however, the entry date is April 22, while the letter is dated April 17. Since these two dates appear in adjacent columns in the book, she apparently mixed up the dates

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  64. Theodor Georg von Karajan (1810–1873), no relation to the famous German conductor, was the son of a Greek merchant, who settled in Vienna and was elevated to imperial peerage for his services to the Austrian Monarchy in trade and industry. The son occupied the professional post only briefly (from 1850 to 1852) and then became Kustos (keeper) of the imperial court library, a position that back then counted more than that of a professor

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  65. The documents pertaining to Mendel’s first attempt to become a certified professor of natural history and physics are deposited at the Museum on Natural History, the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois in the United States (see Hoffmeister DF, Henriksen HC (1979) The collection of Mendeliana at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. FM 14: 281–284). Here is how they got there. Mendel’s biographer, Hugo Iltis (1882–1952), professor of biology at Brno’s German Gymnasium, borrowed the documents from the archive of the University of Vienna in 1913 to use them for a demonstration following his lecture on Mendel at the Conference of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians (for details see54). Instrumental to the lending was Professor J. Wiesner at the Vienna University. When Wiesner died shortly afterward, the archive failed to request the return of the documents. When Iltis later (in 1939) immigrated to the United States, he took with him all the documentation he assembled on Mendel, including the examination papers. In the USA, he organized a Mendel Museum at the Mary Washington College at Fredericks, Virginia, where he became professor of biology (see Iltis H (1943) The Mendel Museum at the Mary Washington College. Scientific Monthly 56: 386–387). In 1955, his son sold, after his father’s death, the collection of Mendeliana for $6,000 to the University of Illinois, where it is located to this day

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  66. Munzar J (1971) G Mendel’s erste, bis jetzt unveröffentlichte Abhandlung über Meteorologie. FM 6:185–187

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  67. Gicklhorn R (1973) Wurde Gregor Mendel bei der Lehramtsprüfung an der Wiener Universität ungerecht behandelt? Biologische Rundschau 11(2):73–84

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  70. Of the six sources Mendel mentions, Munzar65 has identified four: (a) von Baumgartner A, von Ettingshausen A (1842) Die Naturlehre nach ihren gegenwärtigen Zustande mit Rücksicht auf mathematische Begründung. 7. Auflage, Wien (b) Hessler JF (1850) Handbuch der Physik. Wilhelm Braumüller, Wien (c) Hofer J (1850) Populäre Physik zunächst für Real- und Gymnasialschüler und auch zum Selbststudium für Jedermann. Wilhelm Braumüller, Wien (d) Kunzek A (1847) Leichtfasslichen Darstellung der Meteorologie. Wilhem Braumüller, Wien

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  71. The sources Mendel lists are these: (a) von Humbolt A. Der Kosmos. 5 Bände, Cotta’scher Verlag, Stuttgart 1845–1862. (b) von Burmeister H (1843) Die Geschichte der Schöpfung. Verlag O.Wigand (c) von Leonhard KE (1845) Die populäre Geologie oder die Naturgeschichte der Erde. F. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart. (d) von Bromme, Das Mineralreich. This last source remains unidentified. Mendel might have meant the third volume of the three-volume work: Gistel J, Gistel J, Bromme T (1850) Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller drei Reiche. Hoffmann, Stuttgart

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  72. Weiling F (1970) Die Meteorologie als die wahrscheinliche Quelle der statistischen Kenntnisse J.G. Mendels. FM 5:73–85

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  73. For the printed version of Baumgartner’s evaluation, see66. Its free translation is our own. As stated earlier, the original documents pertaining to the examination are deposited at the Urbana-Champaign museum (see64), and their facsimiles and printed versions have been published by Gicklhorn (see54,66) and Orel et al.67

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  74. In addition to the documents at the Urbana-Champaign museum, there is another one, whose original is deposited at the Mendelianum in Brno. The document is signed by Kner and dated November 11, 1850. Its printed version has been published by Gicklhorn66, who writes: “while the piece in Urbana is drawn up by a member of the examination committee or a secretary, the one presented here (i.e., the Brno document} has been prepared as a memo by Kner by his own hand.” She explains the late dating of the document by the fact that the oral examination took place when the summer vacation had begun already and the writing of the protocol was therefore postponed until the beginning of the fall semester. It is, however, most unlikely that the highly technical Urbana document could have been composed by another committee member or a secretary. First because the committee probably did not meet until at the oral examination, and second no committee member other than Kner had the expertise to write it. Our description is a précis of Kner’s evaluation, paraphrasing his statements

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  76. The original source of information about these events and their dating is Iltis43, who apparently had an access to the correspondence pertaining to them. The documents have since been unaccounted for

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  77. Baumgartner expressed his unhappiness with the Ministry’s decision on the margin of Spallek’s letter

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  78. We say “presumably” because the letter is no longer available and in the secondary literature there is confusion on this point. Iltis43 writes: Am 1. August wurde Mendel eingeladen nach Wien zu kommen und sich im Bureau Sr. Exzellenz des Direktors A. v. Baumgartner im Finanzministerium zu melden. In the English version of Iltis’ book, this sentence is translated thus: “On August 1 Mendel was instructed to go to Vienna and to report himself at Baumgatner’s office in the Ministry of Finance.” Some authors have interpreted this sentence to mean that Mendel was in Vienna on August 1. More likely, however, “August 1” was the date on which the Ministry of Education mailed a letter, instructing Mendel to be in Vienna on August 12

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  79. We know the date of the Klausurarbeit in natural history with certainty because it appears on the document with Mendel’s answers. We know the date of Mendel’s Klausurarbeit in physics from the date on Baugartner’s evaluation—assuming that the evaluation was written on the same day as the examination. The originals of both these documents are deposited in Brno’s Mendelianum and their printed versions have been published

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  80. To view a copy of the original document, see reference54. Even on the poor-quality reproduction, the crossed out text is still legible. The original document is in the Urbana-Champaign museum.

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  82. In the English version of Iltis’ biography43, Pfotentier, Flatterfüsler, Krallenfüsler, and Huftiere are erroneously translated as quadrupeds, plantigrades, clawed ungulates, and hoofed ungulates, respectively

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  83. Our summary of Kner’s criticism is based on Iltis43, who quotes extensively the original document, which is apparently no longer available. A summary of Kner’s evaluation appears in another document, however (see73)

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  84. In the middle of the nineteenth century, quills as writing utensils began to be replaced by metal pens. Since, however, the Austrian Monarchy was not exactly famous for welcoming progress and innovation, we assume that at the University of Vienna Mendel used quills to write his examination papers

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  85. The original of Baumgartner’s evaluation of Mendel’s Klausurarbeit in physics is deposited in Brno’s Mendelianum and in printed version published in reference66

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  86. It is not clear which physics book Mendel studied for the Klausur and oral examinations. Since in his essay part of the examination he gave the Baumgartner-Ettingshausen 1842 textbook as the source, he should have been acquainted with the mathematical approach. If, on the other hand, Mendel relied mainly on the Hofer book,69c intended for laypeople and so mostly devoid of mathematics, he came to Vienna unprepared for Baumgartner’s questions

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  87. Gicklhorn54, 66 published the facsimile and the printed version of the protocol. The original document is deposited in the Urbana-Champaign museum

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  88. Both letters are deposited at Brno’s State Archive and their printed version appears in Sajner40a

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  89. The whereabouts of this report are unknown. We know about its existence only because Iltis43 saw it and quoted from it

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  90. Kner’s report is deposited at Brno’s Mendelianum. Gicklhorn (see66) published its printed version

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  93. The protocol signed by Josef Auspitz was found in the institute’s archive. Richter (see50, pp. 64–68) quotes from it extensively

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  150. The letter mentioned earlier, is dated “Wien14/7,” presumably 1852. Its photocopy is deposited at Brno’s Mendelianum. Its printed version is accessible in165

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  151. The spiritual exercises (Exircitien) do not seem to have been connected with the Summer Feast days, because these, in 1852, all took place in early June: Trinity Sunday on June 6; Corpus Christi on Thursday June 10; Sacred Heart of Jesus on Friday, June 18; and Immaculate Heart of Mary on Saturday, June 19. Rather, they might have been meant to be like maneuvers intended to pacify the bishop

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  152. A quote from the Apocalypse, the Book of Revelation 7: 9–12 (see129), which in the context reads: O quam gloriosum est regnum, in quo cum Christo gaudet omnes Sancti. Amicti stolis albis, sequuntur Agnum quocumque ierit. In translation: “O how glorious is the kingdom, where all the Saints rejoice with Christ. Dressed in white robes, they follow the Lamb wheresoever he goes.” It pertains to the All Saints Day and the All Souls Day, celebrated on November 1 and November 2, respectively

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  155. This information is based on a letter of Alois Schindler to Hugo Iltis, dated December 22, 1922 (letter No.15 in166). There is no historical support for the claims that Mendel conducted the ceremony or that he assisted Kahlig at the Mass (see173). He did, however, join in the holy matrimony his nephew Alois Sturm in Dolní Vražné as well as another nephew, Anna Sturm, in the church at Staré Brno (they were the son and the daughter of Mendel’s elder sister Veronika). He also promised Alois Schindler to sanctify his conjugal bond, but at the time of Alois’ marriage in 1888, Mendel already rested for four years at the Central Cemetery of Staré Brno

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    Jan Klein Ph.D

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Klein, J., Klein, N. (2013). Into the Fourth Decade: The Failed Professor. In: Solitude of a Humble Genius - Gregor Johann Mendel: Volume 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35254-6_6

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