Abstract
In articles about Mendel, it is often stated that Brno (Fig. 5.1) was a provincial town. This statement is correct in the sense that in Mendel’s time Moravia was a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This, however, is presumably not what the authors of the articles mean by the word “provincial.” They do not use “provincial” in reference to a place, but to a society “limited in outlook” or “lacking the polish of urban society.”2 But was Brno really such a town, or is this judgment rather an expression of the authors’ own provincialism and unfamiliarity with this part of Europe? To answer this question, let us take a brief look at Brno’s geographical location, history, and cultural standing in Mendel’s time.
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References and Notes
Abbreviation: FM Folia Mendeliana. Supplementum ad Acta musei Moraviae. Moravské zemské muzeum Brno; published since 1966
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Běhounská (Runner) is a strange name for a street. And sure enough, it has no relation to anybody running up and down it, but rather it owes its designation to a linguistic corruption and mistranslation. The Germanic people settled along this street actually called it Rheingasse (Rhine Street), but with time it became corrupted to Rhennergasse and since in German rennen (to run) translates into Czech běhat, the Czech name became Běhounská
Spelled in this form, the name is first recorded in 1277. It is generally believed that it represents a corruption of the German Spielberg, meaning “Game Hill.”
The title of Silvio Pellico’s (1789–1854) book is Le mie prigioni (My Prisons). When it came out in 1832, it became a bestseller translated into many languages. It was said that the book was more damaging to the Austrians than a lost battle
(a) Saak EL (2002) High way to heaven: The Augustinian platform between reform and reformation, 1292–1524. Brill, Boston, MA; (b) Zumkeller A (1986) Augustine’s ideal of the religious life. Transl. by E. Colledge. Fordham University Press, New York. (c) O’Donnell JJ (2006) Augustine. A new biography. Harper Perennial, New York, NY
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There is a curious modern sequel to this old story. When Jošt died in 1411, he was buried in the St. Thomas Church. In 1999 archeologists and anthropologists opened his grave and microbiologists isolated bacteria from the femur bone of the deceased, which they identified, by means of genetic cloning and DNA sequencing, as a new species of Rhodococcus, a microbe involved in wine brewing. They named the species R. jostii in honor of the ancient wine drinker. It might be the only bacterium named after a king (see Takeuchi M, Hatano K, Sedláček I, Pacová Z (2002) Rhodococcus jostii sp.nov., isolated from a medieval grave. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52: 409–413)
(a) Květ R, Samek R (eds.) (1984) Starobrněnské sídlo ústavů Československé Akademie Věd. Geografický ústav ČSAV, Brno; (b) Samek B (1993) Klášter augustiniánů v Brně. Augustiniánský klášter, opatství na Satrém Brně. Památkový ústav, Brno
(a) There is no agreement among historians concerning Rejčka’s birth year. Consequently different authors claim that she was 12 or 15 years old at the time of her first marriage. (b) Květ J (1931) Iluminovane rukopisy královny Rejčky. Příspěvek k dějinám české knižní malby ve století XIV. Česká akademie věd a umění, Praha
Cistercians are a monastic order founded by St. Robert, abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Molesme in France. Dissatisfied with the life there, he and a handful of monks left the abbey for a secluded, swampy place called Cîteaux, Cistercium in Latin, not far from Dijon in Burgundy. They built a monastery there in which they lived life with emphasis on austerity, simplicity, manual labor, especially fieldwork, and literal observance of the Rule of St. Benedict
Rejčka’s burial place lies where the axes of the central nave and the first transept of the church intersect, in front of the Altar of the Holy Cross. The site was originally unmarked, but since 1900, the tile above it is decorated with the letter “E” topped with a crown
Dokoupil V (1972) Dějiny moravských knihoven ve správě Universitní knihovny v Brně. Musejní spolek v Brně, Brno
A new brewery, no longer owned by the abbey, has replaced the original one. We can attest to the excellent quality of the Starobrno pivo, the beer brewed there
Ulrich J78 (p.8) claims that essential for Mendel’s admission was a test sermon he had to deliver in front of all the assembled friars. There is, however, no evidence that Mendel visited Brno before receiving the admission letter and indeed such a visit is highly unlikely. He was apparently accepted solely on the basis of the recommendation letter from Professor Friedrich Franz
Iltis H (1924) Gregor Johann Mendel. Leben, Werk und Wirkung. Julius Springer, Berlin, An English translation by E. and C. Paul was published under the title Life of Mendel by George Allen & Unwin, London 1932
The facsimile of the document published by Iltis20 reveals the difference between the light and heavy handwritings of the schooled son and his hardworking parents
Iltis H20 (p.19) states that Dr. Schwarz was a municipal physician of the city of Brno, whereas J. Kříženecký66 (p. 180) places the examining doctor at Odry. Since in September 7, 1843, when the examination took place, Mendel was in Hynčice, the latter placement seems to be correct
Neumann AA (1930) Acta et epistolae eruditorum monasterii ord. S. Augustini Vetero-Brunae. Vol.1 (A) 1819 –1850. Sumptibus monasterii Vet. Brunensis, Brno
In a letter to Hugo Iltis, Mendel’s nephew Alois Schindler estimated that Abbot Mendel, while avoiding cigarettes and pipes, smoked about 20 cigars daily (letter dated January 9, 1923; see31)
This was, for example, how Professor F. Franz assessed Mendel’s Czech-speaking ability in the letter, in which he recommended the graduate of the Philosophical Institute for admission to the St. Thomas Abbey
(a) Zlámal B. Cyril František Napp (1792–1867). Augustiner Abt in Alt Brünn. Biographische Skizze. FM 26: 67–101, 1991/1992. German translation of an article published originally in Czech in 1938. Translation by H. Kostková, commentaries and corrections by P. Sládek. (b) Zlámal B. Cyril František Napp—moravský kulturní pracovník. Vlastivědný sborník moravský 18: 460–60, 1966; (c) Weiling F. F.C. Napp und J.G. Mendel (1968) Ein Beitrag zur Vorgeschichte der Mendelschen Versuche. Theor Appl Genet 38: 1444–1448; (d) Orel V (1975) Das Interess F.C. Napps (1792–1867) für den Unterricht der Landwirtschaftslehre und die Forschung der Hybridisation. FM 10: 225–239; (e) Weiling F (1971) Zur Herkunft von Prälat Franz Cyrill Napp, des geistlichen Vorgesetzten J.G. Mendels. Südhoffs Archiv Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftsgeschichte 55; 80–85; (f) Skoupá T (2010) Opat Cyril František Napp a jeho působení v klášteře na Starém Brně. Bakalářská práce. Masaryková univerzita, Pedagogická fakulta, Katedra historie, Brno
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Šebela J, Obermajer J (1991/92) The portrait of Abbot Gregor Mendel by Alois Zenker. FM 26/27:9–15
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In a letter addressed to Tomáš Bratránek and dated July 12, 1853, Klácel writes: “I would like to ask the bishop for help in establishing a mission in Texas but I don’t know how to approach him at the visitation. Our people who emigrate there in large numbers need a priest, for as I have learned from letters that they convert there to the Moravian Brethren. The Catholics cannot be indifferent to this and I would dare to return them to the right path again.” (A. Neumann: Klácelovy dopisy. Časopis vlasteneckého spolku musejního v Olomouci 1937 (our translation from Czech). The actual date and circumstances of Klácel’s emigration are uncertain. Iltis20 (p. 26) states that Klácel left the country in 1868, shortly before Mendel’s election to abbot and that the liberal interior minister of Cisleithania (roughly the non-Hungarian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), Carl Giskra (1820–1879), then in office, secured him a passport. But other sources indicate that Klácel participated in the election (see Vol. 1 Chap. 4) and left 1869, shortly after the election
Simunek M, Hossfeld U, Thümler F, Sekerák J (eds.) (2011) The letters on Mendel GJ. Correspondence of William Bateson, Hugo Iltis, and Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg with Alois and Ferdinand Schindler. Studies in the History of Sciences and Humanities 28. Prague
The handwritten notes may represent a fragment of a draft of a lecture Klácel had intended to give in the United States. Some of the sentences are truncated and unpolished. Our translation is, we believe, closest to the meaning of the original. The fragment was found among the papers Klácel left behind in Belle Plaine. In 1906, these papers were sent to Prague, where they are now deposited in the Náprstek Museum
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Bratránek’s autobiography comprises 306 densely handwritten pages in the large octavo format. It covers the first two decades of his life, starting with his childhood in Jedovnice, where he was born in 1815, and in Lysice, where his parents later moved. It then takes the reader through his studies at the Gymnasium (1826/1827–1833/1834), the Philosophical Institute in Brno, and the University of Vienna, where he earned his doctor of philosophy degree in 1839. In the meantime he entered the St. Thomas Abbey in 1834, where he returned after the completion of his university studies. The coverage ends with the start, in 1841, of his professional career—his assistantship at the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Lviv (Lvov), Ukraine. He started to write the autobiography in 1858 at Kraków. After his death the manuscript passed into the hands of his sister Berta, who was taking care of him in his last years and who then donated it to the Národní muzeum (National Museum), Praha. It has never been published; see Jan Krejčí F. Th. Bratraneks Selbstbiographie. Germanoslavica. Vierteljahrschrift für Erfosrschung der germanisch-slavischen Kulturbeziehungen 2: 385–404, 1932/1933
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In a letter to Carl Nägeli dated November 6, 1867, Mendel writes: “I am no longer fit for botanical excursions, for the heavens have blessed me with overweight, which, because of gravitation, makes itself felt during longer walks but especially during climbing.”79
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Mendel‘s “Autobiographie” (1850) In79, p. 74–77. For an English translation, see A. Iltis: Gregor Mendel’s autobiography. J Heredity 45:231—234, 1954. Purkyně University at Brno published a bibliophilic edition of the autobiography under the title Gregorii Mendel Autobiographia Iuvenilis. Ad centesimum Quinquagesium J. G. Mendel natalen. Universitas Purkyniana Brunensis 1972
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The bishop’s residence is in the present-day Biskupská Street. Several other buildings in Brno bear the epithet “bishop’s,” but these belonged to the bishop of Olomouc who had palaces in both cities
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The text of the solemn vow—taken from Ryan69 with minor changes
Ryan PE (1938–1941) Gregory Mendel. Abbot and discoverer of the laws of heredity I–XXXI. The Messenger, March 1938–November 1941. This series of articles was published anonymously in the journal of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Convigton, Kentucky, on the request of Bishop Howard. The bishop sent de Waegenaere RL to Brno to collect material for the article and then instructed Father Ryan, his secretary, to write the articles. (This information comes from a letter Professor Edward O. Dodson, University of Ottawa, Canada, wrote to Dr. Vítězslav Orel, Mendelianum, Brno. The letter is deposited at the Mendelianum.)
(a) Sajner J (1968) Gregor Johann Mendels Erkrankung im Jahre 1849: Eine pathographische Studie zu Mendels Persönlichkeit. Clio Medica 3:59–63; (b) Sajner J (1963) Gregor Mendels Krankheit und Tod. Südhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Wissenschaften 47:377–382
Napp’s letter dated October 4, 1849, and addressed to Brno’s Bishop Schaffgotsch. See80
The letter is cited on pages 111 and 113 in81
Klácel’s letter to Bratránek dated May 8, 1856 (See70b)
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The first two strophes of the song composed by Karel Hašler are in Czech: Na Strahově pod Petřínem klášter stojí a tam jako v kleci ptáček pláče malý strahováček, pro dívenku svoií. Neplač, neplač strahováčku, zanech nářků, dobrá fara všechno spraví, vezmeš si dívenku svoji sobě za kuchařku. In translation: At Strahov, under the Petřín Hill stands a monastery And there, like a caged bird cries small strahováček For his girlfriend. Don’t cry, don’t cry strahováček, drop your lamentation, A good parish will fix things; you will take your sweetheart as a cook. Explanations: Petřín Hill is in Prague and Strahov is a monastery there
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Klein, J., Klein, N. (2013). The Third Decade: The Vow. In: Solitude of a Humble Genius - Gregor Johann Mendel: Volume 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35254-6_5
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