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The Perirhinal, Entorhinal, and Parahippocampal Cortices and Hippocampus: An Overview of Functional Anatomy and Protocol for Their Segmentation in MR Images

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Abstract

It is well established that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) plays a critical role in forming memories of autobiographical events and world knowledge. Converging neuroscientific research suggests that each of the MTL subregions – that is, the hippocampus proper and perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal cortices – also performs other mnemonic and non-mnemonic functions. This functional specialization is highly relevant for the clinical diagnosis of patients with acquired brain damage and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. This chapter briefly reviews the functional anatomy of the MTL and the neuropsychological syndrome of early Alzheimer’s disease. One of the greatest difficulties facing the continued neuroscientific and clinical investigation of the human MTL is the identification of its subregions on MR images. The last part of this chapter therefore describes the gross anatomy of the MTL and provides a protocol for the reliable segmentation of each subregion. The study of accurately anatomically delineated MTL subregions with different behavioral and imaging approaches is required to advance our understanding of the basic functions of the MTL and, correspondingly, the clinical relevance of lesions in this complex region.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Later research demonstrated that profound memory impairments were also associated with damage to diencephalic regions such as mammillary bodies or mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (Squire and Zola-Morgan 1988; Victor et al. 1989), although the nature of the memory impairment differed from amnesia following MTL damage.

  2. 2.

    In these experiments, an animal is presented with a sample stimulus during a learning phase. After a delay, the sample stimulus is presented again together with a novel stimulus. Intact recognition memory is demonstrated by the animal displacing either the sample object (delayed matching-to-sample) or the novel object (delayed nonmatching-to-sample).

  3. 3.

    It is tempting to hypothesize similar grid cell properties for human ERc neurons. To our knowledge, a single human fMRI study has found evidence consistent with this hypothesis. Doeller and colleagues (Doeller et al. 2010) found that BOLD activity in the human ERc had a sixfold sinusoidal relationship with “running” direction in a circular-shaped virtual environment. This pattern of activation corresponds to the symmetry of grid cell firing in rodent ERc and putatively reflects whether the participants ran in alignment or misalignment with the grid axes. The ERc was activated as part of a larger network showing these properties, which included the posterior and medial parietal, lateral temporal, and medial prefrontal cortices (Doeller et al. 2010; see also Jacobs et al. 2010).

  4. 4.

    The original discovery of “place cells” demonstrated that these cells they selectively fired according to the animal’s location in the environment (O’Keefe and Dostrovsky 1971), while later studies showed that firing patterns were also modulated by other factors such as motivational factors and environmental cues (Lipton and Eichenbaum 2008; see Eichenbaum et al. 1999 for a review).

  5. 5.

    The protocol assumes that in cases where the collateral sulcus cannot be visualized or is discontinuous, the lateral and medial PRc borders are determined on coronal slices anterior and posterior to the interrupted section, and that imaginary lines are drawn from these anterior and posterior levels to connect the lateral borders and the medial borders of the PRc.

Abbreviations

A:

Anterior

Ab:

Angular bundle (PHg white matter)

aCf:

Anterior calcarine fissure

al:

Alveus

Am:

Amygdala

bG:

Band of Giacomini

cf:

Crus of the fornix

Cs:

Collateral sulcus

di:

Hippocampal digitations

ERc:

Entorhinal cortex

Fg:

Fusiform gyrus

fi:

Fimbria

gA:

Gyrus ambiens

gS:

Gyrus of Schwalbe

HB:

Hippocampal body

Hf:

Hippocampal fissure

HH:

Hippocampal head

Hs:

Hippocampal sulcus

HT:

Hippocampal tail

I:

Inferior

ILg:

Intralimbic gyrus

Is:

Isthmus

ITg:

Inferotemporal gyrus

L:

Laterial

Lg:

Lingual gyrus

li-gm:

Limen insulae gray matter

li-wm:

Limen insulae white matter

M:

Medial

Mb:

Mammillary body

MTL:

Medial temporal lobe

OTs:

Occipitotemporal sulcus

P:

Posterior

Pu:

Pulvinar

PHc:

Parahippocampal cortex

PHg:

Parahippocampal gyrus

PRc:

Perirhinal cortex

qgc:

Quadrigeminal cistern

Rs:

Rhinal sulcus

S:

Superior

SAs:

Semiannular sulcus

SLg:

Semilunar gyrus

Sp:

Splenium

su:

Subiculum

TLV:

Temporal horn of lateral ventricle

TP:

Temporal pole

TR:

Transentorhinal cortex

U:

Uncus

Ug:

Uncinate gyrus

un:

Uncal notch

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Daniela Hirni for comments and helpful discussions. The authors also thank photographer Martin Portmann and the Departments of Neuropathology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Basel, for providing the post-mortem and MRI brain data, respectively. This research was supported by a Swiss National Science Foundation Ambizione Fellowship (KIT), a grant from the Alzheimer’s Association of Both Basels (KIT), the Finnish Concordia Fund (SLK), the Finnish Cultural Foundation (SLK), and the Swiss Federal Comission for Scholarships for Foreign Students (Berne) (SLK).

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  1. Department of Geriatrics, Memory Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland

    Sasa L. Kivisaari Ph.D., Alphonse Probst M.D. & Kirsten I. Taylor Ph.D.

  2. Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland

    Alphonse Probst M.D.

  3. Department of Experimental Psychology, Centre for Speech Language and the Brain, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK

    Kirsten I. Taylor Ph.D.

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  1. Sasa L. Kivisaari Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Sasa L. Kivisaari Ph.D. .

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  1. MRI, Bahnhofplatz 3, Zürich, 8001, Switzerland

    Stephan Ulmer

  2. Inst. Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str. 2, Kiel, 24105, Germany

    Olav Jansen

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Kivisaari, S.L., Probst, A., Taylor, K.I. (2013). The Perirhinal, Entorhinal, and Parahippocampal Cortices and Hippocampus: An Overview of Functional Anatomy and Protocol for Their Segmentation in MR Images. In: Ulmer, S., Jansen, O. (eds) fMRI. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34342-1_19

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