Abstract
Economic growth and social development result in the growth of transport use. It is perfectly observed in developing countries with dynamic growth rates, such as China, where only in 2013, 20 million new cars were sold. What is more, the population of developing countries will have increased by almost two billion by 2050 and it will, too, increase the demand for transport, especially road and air transport. 95 % of transportation relies on oil refinement products. Its sources have not been exhausted, but are more and more limited. According to some experts, the world has reached or will soon reach peak oil and even a dynamic growth in the extraction from shale or other non-conventional sources will not increase the supply significantly. In the face of these challenges and the limited amount of its own oil, the EU postulates to speed up the process of sustainable transport development, which was expressed in, among others, in the White Paper of Transport of 2011. The aim of this chapter is to estimate the level of energy-intensity of passenger transport in Poznan agglomeration in public transport (tram and bus) and the dominating individual transport. It also indicates organisational and technological activities which would contribute to lowering energy intensity and increasing the sustainability of transport.
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Notes
- 1.
Shale oil is considered to be an unconventional source of oil, even though IEA includes shale supply together with conventional sources, which is a surprising inconsistency.
- 2.
Biofuels have been purposefully excluded as they are considered to be a separate category. Their overall share is fairly insignificant, the world production of it in 2012 was 2.0 million b/d. Also, the so called processing gains (ca. 2.2 million b/d) have been excluded.
- 3.
Discovered in 1976, the extraction started in 1979. Turned out to be the last greatest oil field discovered in the world.
- 4.
Another measure can be found in the literature, namely Energy Return On Investments (EROI), which includes all the investments made (including indirect investments) in order to extract oil.
- 5.
Iraq has been constantly increasing oil extraction since 2005, although the case of Iraq is extremely difficult to examine in the context of peak oil as the country has been at war since the beginning of the conflict with Iran in 1980–1988, and a later embargo and occupation after the 2003 war.
- 6.
Unfortunately, for want of some more detailed data from railway companies, it was impossible to perform accurate analyses of the rail transport.
- 7.
LPG powered cars were qualified as diesel cars due to their comparable energy consumption per unit of distance.
- 8.
The section of 5 km in length, on which the research was conducted is a dual carriageway with two or three lanes and a speed limit of between 50 and 80 km/h, with long distances between crossings (a few of them being elevated road intersections). So driving along this section corresponds to a combined driving rather than just city driving mode.
- 9.
It must be added that an average car in Poland is 16 years old. In Poznań agglomeration, it is a bit lower due to high economic activity and many new, company cars. Still, an average car is over ten years old. Not all the cars are roadworthy, either, and more and more cars have air conditioning, which influences the fuel consumption level, so as a result, the actual consumption may be even higher.
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Igliński, H. (2015). Energy Efficiency of Passenger Transport in Poznan Agglomeration in the Face of Peak Oil. In: Golińska, P., Kawa, A. (eds) Technology Management for Sustainable Production and Logistics. EcoProduction. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33935-6_8
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