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Photon Physics at the LHC pp 17–39Cite as

The Large Hadron Collider and the ATLAS Detector

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Part of the book series: Springer Theses ((Springer Theses))

Abstract

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (the European Center for Nuclear Research) is a 26.7 km long particle accelerator outside of Geneva, Switzerland [1]. It lies below-ground in the tunnel previously inhabited by the LEP machine. It is capable of colliding particles at four different experimental sites, which are occupied by the ATLAS, ALICE, CMS, and LHCb detectors.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The luminosity lifetime (\(\tau \)) of the LHC beam is roughly 15 h; depending on the down-time between fills, the optimal fill length is anywhere from 5 to 24 h [1].

  2. 2.

    A 70 % Ar/30 % \(\text{CO}_{2}\) mixture was used for much of the commissioning period, to avoid the cost of running with Xenon.

  3. 3.

    The exact voltage is tuned in groups \({\tilde{1}00}\) straws to give a gas gain of \(2.5\times 10^{4}\).

  4. 4.

    The innermost 10 layers in \(R\) have two glass beads, creating an uninstrumented gap in the middle of the straw; this was done to reduce the total occupancy of the innermost straws at high luminosities.

  5. 5.

    The original design of the TRT called for “C” wheels that would extend the \(|\eta |\) coverage out to almost 2.5; for a number of reasons, these wheels were never built.

  6. 6.

    While the boards that mirror each other across the \(x-y\) plane are similar in size and shape, and have identical numbers of channels, they were designed and implemented separately.

  7. 7.

    The length in \(\phi \) is sometimes quoted as 0.025 and sometimes as 0.0245; in reality, it is defined as \(2\pi /256 = 0.02454 \ldots .\)

  8. 8.

    The precision in \(\phi \) is degraded by the presence of material in the ID, which induces bremsstrahlung for electrons and pair production for photons.

  9. 9.

    This problem has since been fixed, restoring the full acceptance in 2011.

  10. 10.

    The nuclear interaction length, \(\lambda \), of some material defines the mean distance over which the number of relativistic charged particles is reduced by a factor of 1/\(e\) as they pass through that material.

  11. 11.

    Exceptions to this rule include triggers based on \(E_\mathrm{T }^\mathrm{miss }\), which do exist at Level-1 and Level-2.

  12. 12.

    The limitation comes from the amount of data the collaboration is willing to keep for later analysis. In 2010, the nominal maximum output rate was often exceeded.

References

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  3. ATLAS Collaboration, ATLAS inner detector: technical design report. Vol. 2, CERN-LHCC-97-17 (1997)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6396, USA

    Michael Hance

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  1. Michael Hance
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Correspondence to Michael Hance .

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© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Hance, M. (2013). The Large Hadron Collider and the ATLAS Detector. In: Photon Physics at the LHC. Springer Theses. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33062-9_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33062-9_2

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-33061-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-33062-9

  • eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)

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