Abstract
History dependent abstraction operators are the key for scaling existing methods for active learning of automata to realistic applications. Recently, Aarts, Jonsson & Uijen have proposed a framework for history dependent abstraction operators. Using this framework they succeeded to automatically infer models of several realistic software components with large state spaces, including fragments of the TCP and SIP protocols. Despite this success, the approach of Aarts et al. suffers from limitations that seriously hinder its applicability in practice. In this article, we get rid of some of these limitations and present four important generalizations/improvements of the theory of history dependent abstraction operators. Our abstraction framework supports: (a) interface automata instead of the more restricted Mealy machines, (b) the concept of a learning purpose, which allows one to restrict the learning process to relevant behaviors only, (c) a richer class of abstractions, which includes abstractions that overapproximate the behavior of the system-under-test, and (d) a conceptually superior approach for testing correctness of the hypotheses that are generated by the learner.
Supported by STW project 11763 ITALIA. For a full version with all the proofs we refer to http://www.mbsd.cs.ru.nl/publications/papers/fvaan/AHV12/
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aarts, F., Heidarian, F., Kuppens, H., Olsen, P., Vaandrager, F.: Automata Learning through Counterexample-Guided Abstraction Refinement. In: Proc. FM 2012. LNCS. Springer (to appear, 2012)
Aarts, F., Jonsson, B., Uijen, J.: Generating Models of Infinite-State Communication Protocols Using Regular Inference with Abstraction. In: Petrenko, A., Simão, A., Maldonado, J.C. (eds.) ICTSS 2010. LNCS, vol. 6435, pp. 188–204. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Aarts, F., Schmaltz, J., Vaandrager, F.: Inference and Abstraction of the Biometric Passport. In: Margaria, T., Steffen, B. (eds.) ISoLA 2010. LNCS, vol. 6415, pp. 673–686. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Aarts, F., Vaandrager, F.: Learning I/O Automata. In: Gastin, P., Laroussinie, F. (eds.) CONCUR 2010. LNCS, vol. 6269, pp. 71–85. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Alur, R., Henzinger, T.A., Kupferman, O., Vardi, M.Y.: Alternating Refinement Relations. In: Sangiorgi, D., de Simone, R. (eds.) CONCUR 1998. LNCS, vol. 1466, pp. 163–178. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)
Angluin, D.: Learning regular sets from queries and counterexamples. Inf. Comput. 75(2), 87–106 (1987)
Baeten, J.C.M., van Beek, D.A., Luttik, B., Markovski, J., Rooda, J.E.: A process-theoretic approach to supervisory control theory. In: ACC 2011, pp. 4496–4501(2011)
Baeten, J.C.M., Bergstra, J.A.: Global renaming operators in concrete process algebra. Information and Computation 78(3), 205–245 (1988)
Berg, T., Grinchtein, O., Jonsson, B., Leucker, M., Raffelt, H., Steffen, B.: On the Correspondence Between Conformance Testing and Regular Inference. In: Cerioli, M. (ed.) FASE 2005. LNCS, vol. 3442, pp. 175–189. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Bergstra, J.A., Ponse, A., Smolka, S.A. (eds.): Handbook of Process Algebra. North-Holland (2001)
Cho, C.Y., Babic, D., Shin, E.C.R., Song, D.: Inference and analysis of formal models of botnet command and control protocols. In: ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pp. 426–439. ACM (2010)
Comparetti, P., Wondracek, G., Krügel, C., Kirda, E.: Prospex: Protocol specification extraction. In: IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 110–125. IEEE (2009)
Cousot, P., Cousot, R.: Abstract interpretation: a unified lattice model for static analysis of programs by construction or approximation of fixpoints. In: Proc. POPL, pp. 238–252 (1977)
Dams, D., Gerth, R., Grumberg, O.: Abstract interpretation of reactive systems. ACM TOPLS 19(2), 253–291 (1997)
de Alfaro, L., Henzinger, T.A.: Interface automata. SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes 26, 109–120 (2001)
Ferrari, G., Gnesi, S., Montanari, U., Pistore, M.: A model-checking verification environment for mobile processes. ACM TOSEM 12(4), 440–473 (2003)
de la Higuera, C.: Grammatical Inference: Learning Automata and Grammars. Cambridge University Press (April 2010)
Howar, F., Steffen, B., Merten, M.: From ZULU to RERS. In: Margaria, T., Steffen, B. (eds.) ISoLA 2010. LNCS, vol. 6415, pp. 687–704. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Howar, F., Steffen, B., Merten, M.: Automata Learning with Automated Alphabet Abstraction Refinement. In: Jhala, R., Schmidt, D. (eds.) VMCAI 2011. LNCS, vol. 6538, pp. 263–277. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Hungar, H., Niese, O., Steffen, B.: Domain-Specific Optimization in Automata Learning. In: Hunt Jr., W.A., Somenzi, F. (eds.) CAV 2003. LNCS, vol. 2725, pp. 315–327. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Jard, C., Jéron, T.: TGV: theory, principles and algorithms. STTT 7(4), 297–315 (2005)
Lamport, L.: Specifying Systems: The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc. (2002)
Leucker, M.: Learning Meets Verification. In: de Boer, F.S., Bonsangue, M.M., Graf, S., de Roever, W.-P. (eds.) FMCO 2006. LNCS, vol. 4709, pp. 127–151. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Loiseaux, C., Graf, S., Sifakis, J., Boujjani, A., Bensalem, S.: Property preserving abstractions for the verification of concurrent systems. FMSD 6(1), 11–44 (1995)
Lynch, N., Tuttle, M.: An introduction to input/output automata. CWI Quarterly 2(3), 219–246 (1989)
Lynch, N., Vaandrager, F.: Forward and backward simulations, I: Untimed systems. Inf. Comput. 121(2), 214–233 (1995)
Merten, M., Steffen, B., Howar, F., Margaria, T.: Next Generation LearnLib. In: Abdulla, P.A., Leino, K.R.M. (eds.) TACAS 2011. LNCS, vol. 6605, pp. 220–223. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Milner, R.: Communication and Concurrency. Prentice-Hall (1989)
Montanari, U., Pistore, M.: Checking Bisimilarity for Finitary Pi-Calculus. In: Lee, I., Smolka, S.A. (eds.) CONCUR 1995. LNCS, vol. 962, pp. 42–56. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)
Raffelt, H., Steffen, B., Berg, T., Margaria, T.: LearnLib: a framework for extrapolating behavioral models. STTT 11(5), 393–407 (2009)
Rivest, R., Schapire, R.: Inference of finite automata using homing sequences. In: Proc. STOC, pp. 411–420. ACM (1989)
Rusu, V., du Bousquet, L., Jéron, T.: An Approach to Symbolic Test Generation. In: Grieskamp, W., Santen, T., Stoddart, B. (eds.) IFM 2000. LNCS, vol. 1945, pp. 338–357. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Tretmans, J.: Test generation with inputs, outputs, and repetitive quiescence. Software–Concepts and Tools 17, 103–120 (1996)
Tretmans, J.: Model Based Testing with Labelled Transition Systems. In: Hierons, R.M., Bowen, J.P., Harman, M. (eds.) FORTEST 2008. LNCS, vol. 4949, pp. 1–38. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Veanes, M., Bjørner, N.: Input-Output Model Programs. In: Leucker, M., Morgan, C. (eds.) ICTAC 2009. LNCS, vol. 5684, pp. 322–335. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
de Vries, R.G., Tretmans, J.: Towards Formal Test Purposes. In: FATES 2001, BRICS Notes NS-01-4, pp. 61–76. Univ. Aarhus (2001)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Aarts, F., Heidarian, F., Vaandrager, F. (2012). A Theory of History Dependent Abstractions for Learning Interface Automata. In: Koutny, M., Ulidowski, I. (eds) CONCUR 2012 – Concurrency Theory. CONCUR 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7454. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32940-1_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32940-1_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-32939-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-32940-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)