Skip to main content

Conjugated Polymers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 2535 Accesses

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Chemistry ((LNC,volume 80))

Abstract

The synthesis of π-conjugated polymers by cross-coupling-based polymerization is a practical method that has been widely employed. The obtained polymers have received considerable attention owing to their interesting properties that have applications as electrochemically conductive materials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Zhan X, Zhu D (2010) Conjugated polymers for high-efficiency organic photovoltaics. Polym Chem 1:409–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Park DH, Kim MS, Joo J (2010) Hybrid nanostructures using π-conjugated polymers and nanoscale metals: synthesis, characteristics, and optoelectronic applications. Chem Soc Rev 39:2439–2452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Tuncel D (2011) Non-covalent interactions between carbon nanotubes and conjugated polymers. Nanoscale 3:3545–3554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. He M, Qiu F, Lin Z (2011) Conjugated rod-coil and rod–rod block copolymers for photovoltaic applications. J Mater Chem 21:17039–17048

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Pate R, McCormick R, Chen L, Zhou W, Stiff-Roberts AD (2011) RIR-MAPLE deposition of conjugated polymers for application to optoelectronic devices. Appl Phys A 105:555–563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Waltman RJ, Bargon J (1986) Electrically conducting polymers: a review of the electropolymerization reaction, of the effects of chemical structure on polymer film properties, and of applications towards technology. Can J Chem 64:76–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Yamamoto T (2002) Cross-coupling reactions for preparation of π-conjugated polymers. J Organomet Chem 653:195–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cheng Y-J, Luh T-Y (2004) Synthesizing optoelectronic heteroaromatic conjugated polymers by cross-coupling reactions. J Organomet Chem 689:4137–4148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Osaka I, McCullough RD (2008) Advance in molecular design and synthesis of regioregular polythiophenes. Acc Chem Res 41:1202–1214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Yamamoto T, Sanechika K, Yamamoto A (1980) Preparation of thermostable and electric-conducting poly(2,5-thienylene). J Polym Sci Polym Lett Ed 18:9–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Yamamoto T, Sanechika K, Yamamoto A (1981) Preparation of poly(2,4-thienylene) and comparison of its optical and electrical properties with those of poly(2,5-thienylene). Chem Lett, 1079–1082

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sanechika K, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto A (1982) Preparation of copolymers composed of 2,5-thienylene and 2,4-thienylene units. Effect of copolymer composition on electronic spectrum, electric conductivity, chemical properties. J Polym Sci Polym Lett Ed 20:365–371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Jen K-Y, Miller GG, Elsenbaumer RL (1986) Highly conducting, soluble, and environmentally-stable poly(3-alkylthiophenes). J Chem Soc Chem Commun, 1346–1347

    Google Scholar 

  14. McCullough RD, Lowe RD (1992) Enhanced electrical conductivity in regioselectively synthesized poly(3-alkylthiophenes). J Chem Soc Chem Commun, 70–72

    Google Scholar 

  15. McCullough RD, Lowe RD, Jayaraman M, Anderson DL (1993) Design, synthesis, and control of conducting polymer architectures: Structurally homogeneous poly(3-alkylthiophenes). J Org Chem 58:904–912

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. McCullough RD, Williams SP (1993) Toward tuning electrical and optical properties in conjugated polymers using side chains: highly conductive head-to-tail heteroatom-functionalized polythiophenes. J Am Chem Soc 115:11608–11609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. McCullough RD, Jayaraman M (1995) The tuning of conjugation by recipe: the synthesis and properties of random head-to-tail poly(3-alkylthiophene) copolymers. J Chem Soc Chem Commun, 135–136

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bouman MM, Meijer EW (1995) Stereomutation in optically active regioregular polythiophenes. Adv Mater 11:385–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Langeveld-Voss BMW, Waterval RJM, Janssen RAJ, Meijer EW (1999) Principles of “majority rules” and “sergeants and soldiers” applied to the aggregation of optically active polythiophenes: evidence for a multichain phenomenon. Macromolecules 32:227–230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Loewe RS, Khersonsky SM, McCullough RD (1999) A simple method to prepare head-to-tail coupled, regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophenes) using Grignard metathesis. Adv Mater 11:250–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Loewe RS, Ewbank PC, Liu J, Zhai L, McCullough RD (2001) Regioregular, head-to-tail coupled poly(3-alkylthiophenes) made easy by the GRIM method: Investigation of the reaction and the origin of regioselectivity. Macromolecules 34:4324–4333

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Jeffries-El M, Sauvé G, McCullough RD (2004) In situ end-group functionalization of regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene) using the Grignard metathesis polymerization method. Adv Mater 16:1017–1019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jeffries-El M, Sauvé G, McCullough RD (2005) Facile synthesis of end-functionalized regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)s via modified Grignard metathesis reaction. Macromolecules 38:10346–10352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Iraqi A, Crayston JA, Walton JC (1998) Covalent binding of redox active centres to preformed regioregular polythiophenes. J Mater Chem 8:31–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhai L, Laird DW, McCullough RD (2003) Soft-lithography patterning of functionalized regioregular polythiophenes. Langmuir 19:6492–6497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Iraqi A, Wataru I (2001) Preparation of poly(9-alkylcarbazole-3,6-diyl)s via palladium catalysed cross-coupling reactions. Synth Met 119:159–160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Babudri F, Colangiuli D, Farinola GM, Naso F (2002) A general strategy for the synthesis of conjugated polymers based upon the palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with unsaturated halides. Eur J Org Chem, 2785–2791

    Google Scholar 

  28. Naso F, Babudri F, Colangiuli D, Farinola GM, Quaranta F, Rella R, Tafuro R, Valli L (2003) Thin film construction and characterization and gas-sensing performances of a tailored phenylene-thienylene copolymer. J Am Chem Soc 125:9055–9061

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Yokoyama A, Miyakoshi R, Yokozawa T (2004) Chain-growth polymerization for poly(3-hexylthiophene) with a defined molecular weight and a low polydispersity. Macromolecules 37:1169–1171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Miyakoshi R, Yokoyama A, Yokozawa T (2004) Synthesis of poly(3-hexylthiophene) with a narrower polydispersity. Macromol Rapid Commun 25:1663–1666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Miyakoshi R, Yokoyama A, Yokozawa T (2005) Catalyst-transfer polycondensation. Mechanism of Ni-catalyzed chain-growth polymerization leading to well-defined poly(3-hexylthiophene). J Am Chem Soc 127:17542–17547

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Adachi I, Miyakoshi R, Yokoyama A, Yokozawa T (2006) Synthesis of well-defined polythiophene with oxyethylene side chain: effect of phosphine ligands on catalyst-transfer polycondensation. Macromolecules 39:7793–7795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sheina EE, Liu J, Iovu MC, Laird DW, McCullough RD (2004) Chain growth mechanism for regioregular nickel-initiated cross-coupling polymerizations. Macromolecules 37:3526–3528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Iovu MC, Sheina EE, Gil RR, McCullough RD (2005) Experimental evidence for the quasi-“living” nature of the Grignard metathesis Method for the synthesis of regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophenes). Macromolecules 38:8649–8656

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Tamba S, Shono K, Sugie A, Mori A (2011) C-H functionalization polycondensation of chlorothiophenes in the presence of nickel catalyst with stoichiometric or catalytically generated magnesium amide. J Am Chem Soc 133:9700–9703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Tanaka S, Tamba S, Tanaka D, Sugie A, Mori A (2011) Synthesis of well-defined head-to-tail-type oligothiophenes by regioselective deprotonation of 3-substituted thiophenes and nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. J Am Chem Soc 133:16734–16737

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Tamba S, Tanaka S, Okubo Y, Meguro H, Okamoto S, Mori A (2011) Nickel-catalyzed dehydrobrominative polycondensation for the practical preparation of regioregular poly(3-substituted thiophene)s. Chem Lett 40:398–399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Brusso JL, Lilliedal MR, Holdcroft S (2011) π-Conjugated polymers with thermocleavable substituents for use as active layers in organic photovoltaics. Polym Chem 2:175–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Chen T, Rieke RD (1992) The first regioregular head-to-tail poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and a regiorandom isopolymer: Ni vs Pd catalysis of 2(5)-Bromo-5(2)-(bromozincio)-3-hexylthiophene polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 114:10087–10088

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Chen T, O’Brien RA, Rieke RD (1993) Use of highly reactive zinc leads to a new, facile synthesis for polyarylenes. Macromolecules 26:3462–3463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Chen T, Wu X, Rieke RD (1995) Regiocontrolled synthesis of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) mediated by Rieke zinc: their characterization and solid-state properties. J Am Chem Soc 117:233–244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Liu J, McCullough RD (2002) End group modification of regioregular polythiophene through postpolymerization functionalization. Macromolecules 35:9882–9889

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sheina EE, Liu J, Iovu MC, Laird DW, McCullough RD (2004) Chain growth mechanism for regioregular nickel-initiated cross-coupling polymerization. Macromolecules 37:3526–3528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sivula K, Luscombe CK, Thompson BC, Fréchet JMJ (2006) Enhancing the thermal stability of polythiophene: Fullerene solar cells by decreasing effective polymer regioregularity. J Am Chem Soc 128:13988–13989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Li J, Rajca A, Rajca S (2003) Synthesis and conductivity of binaphthyl-based conjugated polymers. Synth Metal 137:1507–1508

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hundt N, Palaniappan K, Sista P, Murphy JW, Hao J, Nguyen H, Stein E, Biewer MC, Gnade BE, Stefan MC (2010) Synthesis and characterization of polythiophenes with alkenyl substituent. Polym Chem 1:1624–1632

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Galarini R, Musco A, Potellini R, Bolognesi A, Destri S, Cetellani M, Mascherpa M, Zhuo G (1991) A new synthetic route to polyheteroarenediylvinylenes. J Chem Soc Chem Commun, 364–365

    Google Scholar 

  48. Loewe RS, McCullough RD (2000) Effects of structural regularity on the properties of poly(3-alkylthienylenevinylenes). Chem Mater 12:3214–3221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Tamao K, Yamaguchi S, Shiozaki M, Nakagawa Y, Ito Y (1992) Thiophene-silole cooligomers and copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 114:5867–5869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Marsella MJ, Swager TM (1993) Designing conducting polymer-based sensors: selective ionochromic response in crown ether-containing polythiophenes. J Am Chem Soc 115:12214–12215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bao Z, Chan W, Yu L (1993) Synthesis of conjugated polymer by the Stille coupling reaction. Chem Mater 5:2–3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Saadeh H, Goodson T III, Yu L (1997) Synthesis of a polyphenylene-co-furan and polyphenylene-co-thiophene and comparison of their electroluminescent properties. Macromolecules 30:4608–4612

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Yao Y, Lamba JJS, Tour JM (1998) Synthesis of highly functionalized pyridines for planar polymers. Maximized π-conjugation in electron deficient macromolecules. J Am Chem Soc 120:2805–2810

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Yamamoto T, Arai M, Kokubo H, Sasaki S (2003) Copolymers of thiophene and thiazole. Regioregulation in synthesis, stacking structure, and optical properties. Macromolecules 36:7986–7993

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Al-Hashimi M, Baklar MA, Colleaux F, Watkins SE, Anthopoulos TD, Stingelin N, Heeney M (2011) Synthesis, characterization, and field effect transistor properties of regioregular poly(3-alkyl-2,5-selenylenevinylene). Macromolecules 44:5194–5199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Song S, Kim G, Kang I, Jin Y, Kim I, Kim J, Suh H (2011) Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of conjugated copolymers based on benzimidazole and various thiophene. J Polym Sci, Part A Polym Chem 49:3751–3758

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Iraqi A, Barker GW (1998) Synthesis and characterisation of telechelic regioregular head-to-tail poly(3-alkylthiophenes). J Mater Chem 8:25–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bjørnholm T, Greve DR, Reitzel N, Hassenkam T, Kjear K, Howes PB, Larsen NB, Bøgelund J, Jayaraman M, Ewbank PC, McCullough RD (1998) Self-assembly of regioregular, amphiphilic polythiophenes into highly ordered π-stacked conjugated polymer thin films and nanocircuits. J Am Chem Soc 120:7643–7644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. McCullough RD, Ewbank PC, Loewe RS (1997) Self-assembly and disassembly of regioregular, water soluble polythiophenes: Chemoselective ionchromatic sensing in water. J Am Chem Soc 119:633–634

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Stokes KK, Heuzé K, McCullough RD (2003) New phosphonic acid functionalized, regioregular polythiophenes. Macromolecules 36:7114–7118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ying L, Hsu BBY, Zhan H, Welch GC, Zalar P, Perez LA, Kramer EJ, Nguyen T-Q, Heeger AJ, Wong W , Bazan GC (2011) Regioregular pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole π-conjugated copolymer. J Am Chem Soc 133:18538–18541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Martina S, Schlüter A-D (1992) Soluble polyarylenes with alternating sequences of alkyl-substituted phenylene and pyrrolic or terpyrrolic units. Macromolecules 25:3607–3608

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Morin J-F, Leclerc M (2001) Syntheses of conjugated polymers derived from N-alkyl-2,7-carbazoles. Macromolecules 34:4680–4682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Yamaguchi S, Goto T, Tamao K (2000) Silole-thiophene alternating copolymers with narrow band gaps. Angew Chem Int Ed 39:1695–1697

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Yamaguchi S, Tamao K (2002) Cross-coupling reactions in the chemistry of silole-containing π-conjugated oligomers and polymers. J Organomet Chem 653:223–228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Liu B, Yu W, Lai Y, Huang W (2001) Blue-light-emitting fluorene-based polymers with tunable electronic properties. Chem Mater 13:1984–1991

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Yasuda T, Yamamoto T (2003) Synthesis and characterization of new luminescent 1,10-phenanthroline- and pyridine-containing π-conjugated polymers. Their optical response to protic acid, Mn+, and solvents. Macromolecules 36:7513–7519

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Liu B, Bazan GC (2004) Interpolyelectrolyte complexes of conjugated copolymers and DNA: platforms for multicolor biosensors. J Am Chem Soc 126:1942–1943

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Katayama H, Nagao M, Nishimura T, Matsui Y, Fukuse Y, Wakioka M, Ozawa F (2006) Stereocontrolled synthesis and characterization of cis-poly(arylenevinylene)s. Macromolecules 39:2039–2048

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Wakioka M, Mutoh Y, Takita R, Ozawa F (2009) A highly selective catalytic system for the cross-coupling of (E)-styryl bromide with benzeneboronic acid: application to the synthesis of all-trans poly(arylenevinylene)s. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 82:1292–1298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Yokoyama A, Suzuki H, Kubota Y, Ohuchi K, Higashimura H, Yokozawa T (2007) Chain-growth polymerization for the synthesis of polyfluorene via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction from an externally added initiator unit. J Am Chem Soc 129:7236–7237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Yokozawa T, Kohno H, Ohta Y, Yokoyama A (2010) Catalyst-transfer Suzuki-Miyaura coupling polymerization for precision synthesis of poly(p-phenylene). Macromolecules 43:7095–7100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Yamamoto T, Yamada W, Takagi M, Kizu K, Maruyama T, Ooba N, Tomaru S, Kurihara T, Kaino T, Kubota K (1994) π-conjugated soluble poly(aryleneethyny1ene) type polymers. Preparation by palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction, nonlinear optical properties, doping, and chemical reactivity. Macromolecules 27:6620–6626

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Yamamoto T, Fang Q, Morikita T (2003) New soluble poly(aryleneethynylene)s consisting of electron-accepting benzothiadiazole units and electron-donating dialkoxybenzene units. Synthesis, molecular assembly, orientation on substrates, and electrochemical and optical properties. Macromolecules 36:4262–4267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Deans R, Kim J, Machacek MR, Swager TM (2000) A poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) with a highly emissive aggregated phase. J Am Chem Soc 122:8565–8566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Zhan X, Liu Y, Yu G, Wu X, Zhu D, Sun R, Wang D, Epstein AJ (2001) Synthesis and electroluminescence of poly(aryleneethynylene)s based on fluorene containing hole-transport units. J Mater Chem 11:1606–1611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Moon JH, Swager TM (2002) Poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) brushes. Macromolecules 35:6086–6089

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Breen CA, Deng T, Breiner T, Thomas EL, Swager TM (2003) Polarized photoluminescence from poly(p-phenylene−ethynylene) via a block copolymer nanotemplate. J Am Chem Soc 125:9942–9943

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kim Y, Bouffard J, Kooi SE, Swager TM (2005) Highly emissive conjugated polymer excimers. J Am Chem Soc 127:13726–13731

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ishow E, Bouffard J, Kim Y, Swager TM (2006) Anthryl-based poly(phenylene ethynylene)s: Tuning optical properties with Diels—Alder reactions. Macromolecules 39:7854–7858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Matsumi N, Chujo Y (2000) Synthesis of π-conjugated poly(cyclodiborazane)s by organometallic polycondensation. Macromolecules 33:8146–8148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Morisaki Y, Chujo Y (2002) Synthesis of novel π-conjugated polymers having [2.2]paracyclophane skeleton in the main chain. Extension of π-conjugated length via the through-space. Macromolecules 35:587–589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Morisaki Y, Chujo Y (2003) Synthesis and properties of a novel through-space conjugated polymer with [2.2]paracyclophane and ferrocene in the main chain. Macromolecules 36:9319–9324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Yoshii R, Nagai A, Chujo Y (2010) Highly near-infrared photoluminescence from aza-borondipyrromethene-based conjugated polymers. J Polym Sci, Part A Polym Chem 48:5348–5356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Tokoro Y, Nagai A, Chujo Y (2010) Synthesis of highly luminescent organoboron polymers connected by bifunctional 8-aminoquinolate. J Polym Sci, Part A Polym Chem 48:3693–3701

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Nishihara Y, Ando J, Kato T, Mori A (2000) A novel cross-coupling polycondensation of alkynylsilanes with aryl triflates catalyzed by CuCl/Pd(PPh3)4. Macromolecules 33:2779–2781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Mori A, Kondo T, Kato T, Nishihara Y (2001) Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling polycondensation of bisalkynes with dihaloarenes activated by tetrabutylammonium hydroxide or silver(I) oxide. Chem Lett, 286–287

    Google Scholar 

  88. Babudri F, Colangiuli D, Di Lorenzo PA, Farinola GM, Omar OH, Naso F (2003) Synthesis of poly(aryleneethynylene)s bearing glucose unit as substituent. Chem Commun, 130–131

    Google Scholar 

  89. Katayama H, Nagao M, Moriguchi R, Ozawa F (2003) Stereocontrolled synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s via ruthenium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of p-diethynylbenzene. J Organomet Chem 676:49–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Katayama H, Nagao M, Ozawa F, Ikegami M, Arai T (2006) Stereoselective synthesis of cis- and trans-oligo(phenylenevinylene)s via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. J Org Chem 71:2699–2705

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Wakioka M, Ikegami M, Ozawa F (2010) Stereocontrolled synthesis and photoisomerization behavior of all-cis and all-trans poly(m-phenylenevinylene)s. Macromolecules 43:6980–6985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Prukata W, Pawluć P, Posala K, Marciniec B (2008) A new stereoselective approach to (E)-poly(arylenevinylene)s. Synlett, 41–44

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yasushi Nishihara .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ogawa, D., Nishihara, Y. (2013). Conjugated Polymers. In: Nishihara, Y. (eds) Applied Cross-Coupling Reactions. Lecture Notes in Chemistry, vol 80. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32368-3_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics