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The Fight Against Organized Crime. Amid Contrasting Strategies and Respect for Human Rights

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Transnational Inquiries and the Protection of Fundamental Rights in Criminal Proceedings

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Abstract

Regulatory interventions and the application of lessons from outcomes together with the renewed value of human rights in criminal proceedings demonstrate that the fight against organized crime at the European level requires constant attention to the balance between individual rights on the one hand and the need for an effective investigation on the other.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Action Plan against organized crime (adopted by the Amsterdam European Council on the 16th - 17th June 1997).

  2. 2.

    See http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/fight_against_organised_crime.

  3. 3.

    The Framework Decision 2008/841/JHA substituted the Joint Action 98/733/JHA (21 December 1998) on the offense of participation in organized crime, aiming to strengthen the fight against organized crime inside European Union.

  4. 4.

    UN CTOC of 13 December 2000, concluded on behalf of the European Community with the Council Decision 2004/579/CE.

  5. 5.

    Article 2 of the Council Framework Decision 2008/841/JHA of 24 October 2008, describes the conduct of criminal law.

  6. 6.

    The initiatives for its establishment will be up to the Council, which should act according to special legislative procedures, unanimously and after having obtained the consensus of the European Parliament.

  7. 7.

    The arrangement provides that the European Prosecution is competent to identify, prosecute and bring to trial, possibly in conjunction with Europol, those responsible for crimes against the financial interests of the Union.

  8. 8.

    Eurojust plays a central role in overcoming the previous model of liaison magistrates and points of contact. The organization has proved capable of facilitating the enforcement of judicial rogatory letters and to fulfill a role of coordination.

  9. 9.

    In Italy, the Assembly Senate approved on first reading (7 April 2011) the legislative draft proposal No. 804, aimed to implement the Framework Decision 2002/465/JHA (13 June 2002) on “joint supranational investigative teams.”

  10. 10.

    The Decision 2009/371/JHA (6 April 2009) is directed at strengthening Europol and fully replaces the Convention of 1995.

  11. 11.

    COM(2011) 573 final (20 September 2011).

  12. 12.

    European Parliament Resolution (25 October 2011) on organized crime in the European Union (2010/2309 INI).

  13. 13.

    Melillo (2006), p. 272, hopes for bold vertical forms of cooperation.

  14. 14.

    http://www.eurojust.europa.eu/press_releases/annual_reports/2010/Annual_Report_2010_IT.pdf.

  15. 15.

    Spiezia (2010), p. 655.

  16. 16.

    Council Decision 2009/426/JHA.

  17. 17.

    The case was presented at the round table of Bruges, “Eurojust and the Lisbon Treaty: towards more effective action,” like “A model for judicial and police cooperation.”

  18. 18.

    Pulito (2010), p. 891.

  19. 19.

    Di Martino (2007), p. 100; Piattoli (2007), p. 1105.

  20. 20.

    Brenner (2010), p. 175.

  21. 21.

    Rafaraci (2007), pp. 3 ff.

  22. 22.

    ICCt, Decision 113/2011.

  23. 23.

    Bitonti (2005), pp. 393 ff.

  24. 24.

    Scaglione (2009), p. 129.

  25. 25.

    Riccio (2001), p. 1327.

  26. 26.

    Amodio (2003), p. 7. In Italy, on 15 June 2011 a legislative decree was issued for anti-mafia laws and measures of prevention (the so-called “Anti-Mafia Code”).

  27. 27.

    Piziali (2000), p. 975.

  28. 28.

    Tranchina (1970), p. 700.

  29. 29.

    ICCt, Decision 265/2010, commented by Tonini (2010), p. 955.

  30. 30.

    ICCt, Decision 372/2006, stressed the presumptive capability of mafia-related of causing social alarm.

  31. 31.

    Article 41bis of the Italian Law 354/1975 has, however, produced many interpretative problems.

  32. 32.

    Cass. 12 June 2001, Bagarella, in CED Cass. 219626; Cass. 22 January 1997, Dominante, Giustizia penale 1998, II, p. 499.

  33. 33.

    ECtHR, 24 August 1998, Contrada v. Italy, Application No. 27143/95. See Kostoris (2008), p. 8.

  34. 34.

    Garofoli (2008), pp. 945 ff., criticized the differentiated trial regulation for crimes of Article 51(3bis) of the Italian CCP.

  35. 35.

    In these terms cf. Viganò (2006), p. 648; Giunchedi (2008), p. 22.

  36. 36.

    Fiandaca (2011), pp. 5 ff., insists on the balance between general security and human rights. For a complete analysis, see too Fiandaca and Visconti (2010), pp. 9 ff.

Abbreviations

Cass.:

Court of Cassation

CCP:

Code of Criminal Procedure

ECHR:

European Convention on Human Rights

ECtHR:

European Court of Human Rights

EU FRCh:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

EUCMACM:

Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union

ICCt:

Italian Constitutional Court

OCTA:

Organized Crime Threat Assessment

TFEU:

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

UN CTOC:

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Law School, University of Palermo, Via Maqueda No. 172, Palermo, Italy

    Paola Maggio

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  1. Paola Maggio
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Correspondence to Paola Maggio .

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  1. , Department of Public Law "T. Martines", University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, Messina, 98100, Messina, Italy

    Stefano Ruggeri

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Maggio, P. (2013). The Fight Against Organized Crime. Amid Contrasting Strategies and Respect for Human Rights. In: Ruggeri, S. (eds) Transnational Inquiries and the Protection of Fundamental Rights in Criminal Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32012-5_13

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