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Current Analytical Methods for Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement of d-Xylitol

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D-Xylitol

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Abstract

d-xylitol is a naturally-occurring five-carbon sugar alcohol. It can also be derived from the chemical reduction of d-xylose. It is widely used in recent years and will continue to be used as a food additive and sweetening agent in the food industry. The qualitative detection and quantification of d-xylitol in the presence of other sugars and sugar alcohols in fruits, vegetables and other natural sources is essential for industry production. A number of analytical methods have been developed over the years for qualitative detection and quantitative measurement of d-xylitol. Since most samples to be analyzed contain a mixture of compounds, highly efficient and sensitive analytical methods for d-xylitol in the mixture are required. Current analytical methods are usually comprised of two components: (1) an efficient separation unit, and (2) a structure identification unit. In this chapter, we provide an overview on these analytical methods used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of d-xylitol in samples from various sources. Chromatography-based techniques including GC, HPLC and CE methods with different detection options, such as UV, RI, ELS, etc., have been widely used. More advanced analytical instruments derived from hyphenation of chromatography with structure determination tools such as MS and NMR are becoming more and more accessible. The GC–MS, LC–MS and LC–MS/MS have now become routine methods for d-xylitol measurement. The coupling of spectroscopic methods such as NMR and MS to the chromatography methods can also provide structural information of the compounds being analyzed. Other methods such as the immunoassay and enzymatic assay methods are also discussed.

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Abbreviations

H NMR:

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

CE:

Capillary electrophoresis

CZE:

Capillary zone electrophoresis

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ELS:

Evaporative light-scattering

ESI-MS:

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

FIA:

Flow injection analyisis

FID:

Flame Ionization Detector

FT-ICR:

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance

GC:

Gas chromatography

GC-FID:

Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

HPAEC:

High-pH anion exchange chromatography

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

IC-ELISA:

Indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay

IDC:

1-isopropyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide perchlorate

Ig E:

Immunoglobulin E

Ig G:

Immunoglobulin G

ISTD:

Internal standard

ITP:

Capillary isotachophoresis

LC-MS:

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

LC-NMR:

Liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance

MS:

Mass spectrometry

NAD+ :

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADP+ :

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

OPLC:

Optimum performance laminar chromatography

PAD:

Pulsed amperometric detector

RI:

Refractive index

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

SIM:

Selective-ion-monitoring

TLC:

Thin layer chromatography

TMS:

Trimethylsilylation

XDH:

d-xylitol dehydrogenase

XYO:

d-xylitol oxidase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People’s Republic of China

    Zhongqi Jiang

  2. Division of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK

    Samuel Amartey

  3. Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada

    Zi-Hua Jiang

  4. Department of Biology & Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada

    Wensheng Qin

Authors
  1. Zhongqi Jiang
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  2. Samuel Amartey
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  3. Zi-Hua Jiang
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  4. Wensheng Qin
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Correspondence to Wensheng Qin .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Lorena-Estrada Municipal do Campinho, São Paulo, 12602810, Brazil

    Silvio Silvério da Silva

  2. , Department of Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Lorena- Estrada Municipal do Campinho, São Paulo, 12602810, Brazil

    Anuj Kumar Chandel

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Jiang, Z., Amartey, S., Jiang, ZH., Qin, W. (2012). Current Analytical Methods for Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement of d-Xylitol. In: da Silva, S., Chandel, A. (eds) D-Xylitol. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31887-0_11

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