Abstract
Much knowledge has been accrued over the years regarding landslide triggers, failure mechanisms and debris movement mechanics. In addition, technical frameworks for hazard and risk assessments have been developed for practical use. However, there remain considerable uncertainties in respect of natural terrain landslide assessment and design of risk mitigation measures. The need to consider the impact of climate change further complicates the issue given the fuzziness of the state of the art in this area. The main problems relate to knowledge gaps and potential errors in engineering judgement.
In this paper, the key uncertainties associated with natural terrain landslides and adverse effects of climate change, together with difficulties faced by the geotechnical profession, are highlighted. The strategy and approaches that may be adopted to manage these uncertainties are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
AFJV (2010) Natural terrain hazard review report. Agreement No. CE 62/2008 (GE), Natural terrain hazard mitigation works, West Lantau, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, vols 1–2
Buma J, Dehn M (2000) Impact of climate change on a landslide in South East France, simulated using different GCM scenarios and downscaling methods for local precipitation. Climate Res 15:69–81
Chan JCL, Tam FCY (2011) Final report on review of climate change scenarios. Report submitted to the Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 42 p. (unpublished)
Chan RKS, Lau TMF (2008) Slope safety system and landslide risk management in Hong Kong. The First World Landslide Forum, Tokyo, pp 137–140
Cheng PFK (2011) Assessment of landslide risk posed by man-made slopes as of 2010. Special project report no. SPR 1/2011, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 12 p
Development Bureau (2007) Legislative council brief: post-2010 landslip prevention and mitigation programme. Development Bureau, The Government of the HKSAR, Nov 2007, 11 p
ERM (1998) Landslides and boulder falls from natural terrain: interim risk guidelines. GEO report no. 75, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 183 p
Fyfe JA, Shaw R, Campbell SDG, Lai KW, Kirk PA (2000) The quaternary geology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong geological survey, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 209 p plus 6 maps
GCO (1984) Geotechnical manual for slopes (2nd edn). Geotechnical Control Office, Hong Kong, 302 p (In English). (Reprinted in 2011)
GEO (2004) Guidelines on geomorphological mapping for natural terrain hazard studies. GEO Technical guidance note no. 22 (TGN 22), Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 8 p
GEO (2011) Guidelines on the assessment of debris mobility for channelised debris flows. GEO technical guidance note no. 29 (TGN 29), Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 6 p
Ginn WL, Lee TC, Chan KY (2009) Past and future changes in the climate of Hong Kong. Acta Meteorol Sin 24(2):163–175
Guthrie RH, Mitchell SJ, Lanquaye-Opoku N, Evans SG (2010) Extreme weather and landslide initiation in coastal British Columbia. Q J Eng Geol Hydroge 43:417–428
Ho KKS, Ko FWY (2009) Application of quantified risk Analysis in landslide risk management practice – Hong Kong experience. Georisk 3:134–146
Ho KKS, Lau JWC (2010) Learning from slope failures to enhance landslide risk management. Q J Eng Geol Hydroge 43:33–68
Hong Kong Observatory (1999) Final report on the probable maximum precipitation updating study for Hong Kong, 35 p
Hungr O, Morgenstern NR, Wong HN (2007) Review of benchmarking exercise on landslide debris runout and mobility modelling. In: Proceedings of the international forum on landslide disaster management, vol II, Hong Kong, pp 755–812
IAEG (2011) Report of IAEG commission C25 – use of engineering geological models. Part 1: introduction to engineering geological models. International association for engineering geology and the environment
Kharin VV, Zwiers FW, Zhang X, Hegerl GC (2007) Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the IPCC ensemble of global coupled model simulations. J Climate 20:1419–1444
King JP (2001) The 2000 Tsing Shan debris flow. Landslide study report no. LSR 3/2001, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 54 p plus 1 drg
Kitoh A, Hosaka M, Adachi Y, Kamiguchi K (2005) Future projections of precipitation characteristics in East Asia simulated by the MRI CGCM2. Adv Atmos Sci 22(4):467–478
Knutson TR, McBride JL, Chan J, Emanuel K, Holland G, Landsea C, Held I, Kossin JP, Srivastava AK, Sugi M (2010) Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nat Geosci 3:157–163
Ko FWY (2005) Correlation between rainfall and natural terrain landslide occurrence in Hong Kong. GEO report no. 168, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 77 p
Koshkarova VL, Koshkarov AD (2004) Regional signatures of changing landscape and climate of northern central Siberia in the Holocene. Russian Geol Geophys 45(6):672–685
Kwan JSH, Sun HW (2007) Benchmarking exercise on landslide mobility modelling – runout analyses using 3dDMM. In: Proceedings of the 2007 international forum on landslide disaster management, vol 2, Hong Kong, pp 945–966
Lee CT, Dong JJ, Lin ML (2009) Geological investigation on the catastrophic landslide in Siaolin Village, southern Taiwan. Sino-Geotechnics 122:87–94
Lee TC, Leung WH, Ginn EWL (2008) Rainfall project for Hong Kong based on the IPCC fourth assessment report. Hong Kong Meteor Soc Bull 18:12–22
Lin BZ (2011) Final report on review of PMP estimation. Report submitted to the Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 82 p. (unpublished)
Lo DOK (2000) Review of natural terrain landslide debris-resisting barrier design. GEO report no. 104, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 91 p
Malone AW (1998) Risk management and slope safety in Hong Kong. In: Proceedings of the HKIE geotechnical division annual seminar on slope engineering in Hong Kong, vol 1, pp 3–17
Murphy JM, Booth BBB, Collins M, Harris GR, Sexton DMH, Webb MJ (2007) A methodology for probabilistic predictions of regional climate change from perturbed physics ensembles. Philos Trans R Soc A 365:1993–2028
Ng KC, Parry S, King JP, Franks CAM, Shaw R (2003) Guidelines for natural terrain hazard studies. GEO report no. 138, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 138 p
Parry S, Hart JR, Jack CD (2011) Science, engineering geology and the landslip preventive measures programme. In: Proceedings of the HKIE geotechnical division annual seminar on landslide risk reduction through works: thirty-five years of landslip preventive measures programme and beyond, The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers Geotechnical Division 31st Annual Seminar, pp 135–143
Rougier J, Sexton DMH, Murphy JM, Stainforth D (2009) Analyzing the climate sensitivity of the HadSM3 climate model using ensembles from different but related experiments. J Climate 22:3540–3557
Sewell RJ, Campbell SDG (2005) Report on the dating of natural terrain landslides in Hong Kong. GEO report no. 170, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 154 p
Sewell RJ, Barrows TT, Campbell SDG, Fifield LK (2006) Exposure dating (10Be, 26Al) of natural terrain landslides in Hong Kong, China. In: In situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides and quantification of geological processes, Geological society of America special paper 415. Geological Society of America, Colorado, pp 131–146
Shum LKW, Lam AYT (2011) Review of natural terrain landslide risk management practice and mitigation measures. Technical note no. TN 3/2011, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 167 p
Tang CSC, Cheung SPY (2010) Frequency analysis of extreme rainfall values. In: Proceedings of the HKIE geotechnical division annual seminar on landslide risk reduction through works: thirty-five years of landslip preventive measures programme and beyond, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, pp 195–200
Tattersall J, Ng A, Williamson S (2010) Effect of change in rainfall to the risk of landslide in Hong Kong. In: Proceedings of the conference on climate change – Hong Kong Engineers’ Perspective, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, 11 p
Tebaldi C, Mearns LO, Nychka D, Smith RL (2004) Regional probabilities of precipitation change: a Bayesian analysis of multi-model simulations. Geophysical Research Letters 31:L24213
Wasowski J, Lamanna C, Casarano D (2010) Influence of land-use change and precipitation patterns on landslide activity in the Daunia Apennies, Italy. Q J Eng GeolHydroge 43:387–401
Winter MG, Dixon N, Wasowski J, Dijkstra TA (2010) Introduction to land-use and climate change impacts on landslides. Q J Eng Geol Hydroge 43:367–370
Wong HN (2003) Natural terrain management criteria – Hong Kong practice and experience. In: Proceedings of the international conference on fast slope movements – prediction and prevention for risk mitigation, vol 2, Naples
Wong HN (2005) Landslide risk assessment for individual facilities. In: Proceedings of the international conference on landslide risk management, Vancouver, pp 237–296
Wong HN (2009) Rising to the challenges of natural terrain landslides. In: Proceedings of the HKIE geotechnical division annual seminar on natural hillsides: study and risk management measures, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, pp 15–53
Wong HN, Ho KKS (2008) Insights from some milestone landslides in Hong Kong. In: Proceedings of the 2007 international forum on landslide disaster management 10–12 Dec 2007 Hong Kong, vol 1, Hong Kong, pp 535–553
Wong HN, Ko FWY, Hui THH (2006) Assessment of landslide risk of natural hillsides in Hong Kong. GEO report no. 191, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 117 p
Wong HN, Lam KC, Ho KKS (1998) Diagnostic report on the November 1993 natural terrain landslides on Lantau Island. GEO report no 69, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 98 p plus 1 drg
Wong MC, Mok HY (2009) Trends in Hong Kong climate parameters relevant to engineering design. In: Proceedings of the HKIE civil engineering conference 2009 (CD-ROM), HKIE, Hong Kong
Yamada Y, Oouchi K, Satoh M, Tomita H, Yanase W (2010) Projection of changes in tropical cyclone activity and cloud height due to greenhouse warming global cloud-system-resolving approach. Geophysical Research Letters 37:L07709
Zong Y, Lloyd JM, Leng MJ, Yim WW-S, Huang G (2008) Reconstruction of Holocene history from the Pearl River Estuary, southern China, using diatoms and carbon isotop ratios. The Holocene 16(2):252–263
Acknowledgements
This paper is published with the permission of the Head of the Geotechnical Engineering Office and the Director of Civil Engineering and Development, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Many GEO colleagues have made significant contributions over the years on various studies relating to natural terrain landslide risk management. These include HN Wong, Julian Kwan, Florence Ko, HW Sun, Rod Sewell and YM Sin. All contributions are gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ho, K.K.S. (2013). Managing the Uncertainties of Natural Terrain Landslides and Extreme Rainfall in Hong Kong. In: Margottini, C., Canuti, P., Sassa, K. (eds) Landslide Science and Practice. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31319-6_39
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31319-6_39
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-31318-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-31319-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)