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Punching Above Their Weight: The Compact Genomes of Pufferfishes

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Genome Mapping and Genomics in Laboratory Animals

Part of the book series: Genome Mapping and Genomics in Animals ((MAPPANIMAL,volume 4))

Abstract

With about 25,000 species, fish represent approximately half of all vertebrate species. Yet out of approximately 60 vertebrate genome sequences in the public domain, only six are from fish species, of which two are pufferfish, Tetraodon nigroviridis and Takifugu rubripes. Interest in pufferfish genomes mainly stems from their incredible compactness. Their nuclear DNA content is about eight times smaller than that of human and other mammals, yet their gene content remains similar. This compaction is mainly due to a paucity of repeated sequences such as transposable elements, and a remarkable separation between heterochromatin and euchromatin compartments. Research in pufferfish genomics has led to key findings about human gene position and number. The large evolutionary distance between human and pufferfish enables highly specific genome sequence comparisons to be made, which appear to be mainly restricted to coding sequences. Analysis of the pufferfish genomes has also highlighted the notable stability of their chromosomes with regard to evolutionary rearrangements, which lead to the demonstration that a whole-genome duplication took place in an ancestral fish species about 300 million years ago (Mya). This dramatic event left a striking signature in extant genomes in the form of a clear distribution of duplicated genes in pairs of chromosomes originating from the whole-genome duplication. Experimental biology is not straightforward in pufferfish, especially when compared to other models such as zebrafish or medaka. Yet recent progress in breeding tetraodon in laboratory conditions has now opened new avenues to perform classical genetics and more advanced transgenics experiments with this species.

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  1. Laboratoire Dynamique et Organisation des Genomes (Dyogen), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, IBENS, CNRS UMR 8197, Inserm, U1024, F-75005, Paris, France

    Brian Cusack & Hugues Roest Crollius

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  1. Brian Cusack
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  1. Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom

    Paul Denny

  2. Institute of Nutraceutical Research, Clemson University, Jordan Hall 109, Clemson, 29634, South Carolina, USA

    Chittaranjan Kole

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Cusack, B., Crollius, H.R. (2012). Punching Above Their Weight: The Compact Genomes of Pufferfishes. In: Denny, P., Kole, C. (eds) Genome Mapping and Genomics in Laboratory Animals. Genome Mapping and Genomics in Animals, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31316-5_5

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