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Introduction

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Book cover High-Performance D/A-Converters

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics ((MICROELECTR.,volume 36))

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Abstract

A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is designed to perform an accurate summation of a given number of electrical unit quantities. This number is specified by the digital input code applied to the converter. The result of the summation appears as an analog electrical signal at the converter output. Thus, the output signal of the DAC represents, with more or less accuracy, the digital input code in the analog domain and can be further processed by subsequent analog circuitry, e.g., filters, amplifiers, mixers, or transducer interfaces. Fundamentally, it is the summing operation of appropriate electrical unit quantities that marks the actual transition from the digital into the analog domain. This data conversion process is also subject to a number of error sources that introduce distortion, as well as additional noise, into the analog output signal. Since these nonideal effects tend to limit the performance of practical converters, they should be adequately considered already during the design phase. The modeling of conversion inaccuracies is believed to be of central importance for close-to-optimum, system-specific DAC design. Indeed, a large part of this work is dedicated to providing theoretical insight into fundamental nonidealities of integrated D/A-converters with a focus on the current-steering architecture and, wherever appropriate, linking it to the system-level perspective.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    An exception are diffusion- and MOS-based capacitors, which display a relatively strong voltage dependency. High-precision converters therefore tend to use poly–poly, poly–metal and metal–metal structures to form integrated capacitors.

  2. 2.

    This is certainly true for general purpose instrumentation applications. However, for on-chip control applications with known suitable loading a dedicated op-amp is often not necessary.

  3. 3.

    According to [10] for the first time in data converter history.

  4. 4.

    The two single-ended signals in a differential configuration are opposite in polarity relative to a fixed common-mode level above on-chip ground. Ideally, the differential output appears floating with respect to any fixed ground-referenced potential.

  5. 5.

    In wireline systems “upstream” is the data transfer from customer premises equipment (CPE) to central office (CO). “Downstream” is the reverse direction.

  6. 6.

    Alternatively, the flipped spectrum must be handled correctly in the receiver DSP.

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  1. LANTIQ-A GmbH, Villach, Austria

    Martin Clara

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  1. Martin Clara
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Clara, M. (2013). Introduction. In: High-Performance D/A-Converters. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics, vol 36. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31229-8_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31229-8_1

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