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Extreme Swimming: The Oceanic Migrations of Anguillids

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Swimming Physiology of Fish

Abstract

Anguillids evolved between 20 and 40 million years ago and, as catadromous fish, migrate between marine and freshwater environments. The migration occurs only twice in the lifetime of most eels: when they migrate as larvae to coastal and river habitats, and again as adult, when they return to their natal habitat to spawn. In temperate species, the migrations are extreme, requiring larvae and adults to swim thousands of km before reaching their destination, but the migrations of tropical species (hundreds of km) are still remarkable in comparison with many other fish species. To achieve these migratory feats, eel larvae and adults are uniquely adapted to oceanic environments. We describe and discuss these adaptations, and identify the challenges and opportunities ahead for aquaculture and eel conservation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Note that, for ease of comparison, all measurements of swimming speed have been converted to km d−1, regardless of the original units of measurement. In most cases, tracking of eels was only possible for a few hours, so most swimming speeds are extrapolations.

  2. 2.

    In swimming trials, swimming speed is generally measured in terms of body lengths per second. This is because the optimal swimming speed for a fish of a certain size is always in relation to its body length, not its actual length. This is a fundamental biomechanical feature of swimming behaviour of all fishes. However, swimming speed may then be converted to a distance covered per second to enable analysis of swimming capability.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fisheries Division, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK

    David Righton

  2. National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsoevej 39, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark

    Kim Aarestrup

  3. Freshwater Fisheries, NIWA, P.O. Box 8602, Christchurch, 8440, New Zealand

    Don Jellyman

  4. EA4324 (ORPHY), UFR Sciences, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, P.O. Box 93837, 29238, Brest Cedex 3, France

    Phillipe Sébert

  5. Gorlaeus Lab, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Postbus 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Guido van den Thillart

  6. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan

    Katsumi Tsukamoto

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  1. David Righton
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Correspondence to David Righton .

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  1. Center, The Institute for Marine Resources, Wageningen University and Research, Korringaweg 5, Yerseke, 4401 NT, Netherlands

    Arjan P. Palstra

  2. , Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, Barcelona, 08028, Spain

    Josep V. Planas

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Righton, D., Aarestrup, K., Jellyman, D., Sébert, P., van den Thillart, G., Tsukamoto, K. (2013). Extreme Swimming: The Oceanic Migrations of Anguillids. In: Palstra, A., Planas, J. (eds) Swimming Physiology of Fish. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31049-2_2

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