Skip to main content

Implicit Strategies for Intelligent Tutoring Systems

  • Conference paper

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNPSE,volume 7315))

Abstract

Nowadays several researches in Intelligent Tutoring Systems are oriented toward developing emotionally sensitive tutors. These tutors use different instructional strategies addressing both learners’ cognitive and affective dimensions and rely, for most of them, on explicit strategies and direct interventions. In this paper we propose a new approach to augment these tutors with new implicit strategies relying on indirect interventions. We show the feasibility of our approach through two experimental studies using a subliminal priming technique. We demonstrate that both learners’ cognitive and affective states can be conditioned indirectly and show that these strategies produce a positive impact on students’ interaction experience and enhance learning.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Seidel, R.J., Park, O.: An Historical Perspective and a Model for Evaluation of Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Journal of Educational Computing Research 10(2), 103–128 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Phelps, E.A.: Emotion and cognition: Insights from Studies of the Human Amygdala. Annual Review Psychology 57, 27–53 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Arroyo, I., Ferguson, K., Johns, J., Dragon, T., Meheranian, H., Fisher, D., Barto, A., Mahadevan, S., Woolf, B.P.: Repairing Disengagement With Non-Invasive Interventions. In: Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts That Work. IOS Press (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Burleson, W.: Affective learning companions: strategies for empathetic agents with real-time multimodal affective sensing to foster meta-cognitive approaches to learning, motivation, and perseverance, MIT PhD thesis (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Conati, C.: Probabilistic Assessment of User’s Emotions in Educational Games. Applied Artificial Intelligence 16, 555–575 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. D’Mello, S., Graesser, A.: Automatic detection of learner’s affect from gross body language. Applied Artificial Intelligence 23, 123–150 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Litman, D., Forbes-Riley, K.: Annotating student emotional states in spoken tutoring dialogues. In: SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue, Boston, USA, pp. 144–153 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Woolf, B., Burleson, W., Arroyo, I., Dragon, T., Cooper, D., Picard, R.: Affect aware tutors: recognising and responding to student affect. Int. J. Learn. Technol. 4(3/4), 129–164 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Pekrun, R.: The Impact of Emotions on Learning and Achievement: Towards a Theory of Cognitive/Motivational Mediators. Applied Psychology 41(4), 359–376 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kim, Y.: Empathetic virtual peers enhanced learner interest and self-efficacy. In: Workshop on Motivation and Affect in Educational Software, in Conjunction with the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  11. McQuiggan, S.W., Lee, S.Y., Lester, J.C.: Early Prediction of Student Frustration. In: Paiva, A.C.R., Prada, R., Picard, R.W. (eds.) ACII 2007. LNCS, vol. 4738, pp. 698–709. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Prendinger, H., Ishizuka, M.: The empathic companion: A character-based interface that addresses users’ affective states. Applied Artificial Intelligence 19, 267–285 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kouider, S., Dehaene, S., Jobert, A., Le Bihan, D.: Cerebral Bases of Subliminal and Supraliminal Priming during Reading. Cereb. Cortex 17(9), 2019–2029 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Mayer, J.D., Allen, J., Beauregard, K.: Mood inductions for four specific moods: A procedure employing guided imagery vignettes with music. Journal of Mental Imagery 19, 133–150 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Del Cul, A., Baillet, S., Dehaene, S.: Brain dynamics underlying the nonlinear threshold for access to consciousness. Public Library of Science, Biology 5(10), 2408–2423 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hassin, R., Uleman, J., Bargh, J.: The new unconscious. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Tulving, E., Schacter, D.: Priming and human memory systems. Science 247(4940), 301–306 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Bargh, J.A., Chaiken, S., Govender, R., Pratto, F.: The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62(6), 893–912 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jraidi, I., Frasson, C.: Subliminally Enhancing Self-esteem: Impact on Learner Performance and Affective State. In: Aleven, V., Kay, J., Mostow, J. (eds.) ITS 2010. LNCS, vol. 6095, pp. 11–20. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Grumm, M., Nestler, S., Von Collani, G.: Changing explicit and implicit attitudes: The case of self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45(2), 327–335 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. LeBel, E.P., Gawronski, B.: How to find what’s in a name: Scrutinizing the optimality of five scoring algorithms for the name-letter task. European Journal of Personality 23, 85–106 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lang, P.J.: The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention. Am. Psy. 50(5), 372–385 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Russell, J.: A circumplex model of affect. JPSP 39, 1161–1178 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kaiser, R.: Prototypical development of an affective component for an e-learning system. Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Rostock, Germany (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Gaillard, R., Naccache, L., Pinel, P., Clémenceau, S., Volle, E., Hasboun, D., Dupont, S., Baulac, M., Dehaene, S., Adam, C., Cohen, L.: Direct Intracranial, fMRI, and Lesion Evidence for the Causal Role of Left Inferotemporal Cortex in Reading. Neuron 50, 191–204 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Chalfoun, P., Frasson, C.: Subliminal cues while teaching: HCI technique for enhanced learning. Advances in Human Computer Interaction: Special Issue on Subliminal Communication in Human-Computer Interaction (January 2011)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Sandkühler, S., Bhattacharya, J.: Deconstructing insight: EEG correlates of Insightful Problem Solving. PLOS One 3(1) (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hyungkyu, K., Jangsik, C., Eunjung, L.: EEG Asymmetry Analysis of the Left and Right Brain Activities During Simple versus Complex Arithmetic Learning. Journal of Neurotherapy 13 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Jraidi, I., Chalfoun, P., Frasson, C. (2012). Implicit Strategies for Intelligent Tutoring Systems. In: Cerri, S.A., Clancey, W.J., Papadourakis, G., Panourgia, K. (eds) Intelligent Tutoring Systems. ITS 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7315. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30950-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30950-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-30949-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-30950-2

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics