Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Antioxidants in Medicinal Plants

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants

Abstract

Over the years, research on antioxidants and medicinal plants has gained enormous popularity and emerged as a potential therapeutic to prevent free radical generated damage in the human body. Free radicals are well known for the pathogenesis of various degenerative diseases,. i.e., cancer, cardiovascular diseases, immunomodulator, neurological disorder, diabetes, aging, etc. Medicinal plants are being viewed as easily available and potent source of antioxidants as they contain a mixture of different chemical compounds that may act individually or in synergy to cure the disease and improve health. A single plant may have diversity of phytochemicals, which represents a number of pharmacological properties. However, many herbal medicine used today have not gone under careful scientific assessment and some have the potential to cause serious toxic effects. Therefore, careful scientific and clinical studies of the herbal medicine for the safety and toxicity are required. With high prevalence of medicinal plants in India and their potential as a source of antioxidants need to be judiciously investigated. The present chapter focuses on the role of antioxidants in disease prevention and their potential in Indian medicinal plants.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aggarwal BB, Ichikawa H, Garodia P, Weerasinghe P, Sethi G, Bhatt ID, Pandey MK, Shishodia S, Nair MG (2006) From traditional ayurvedic medicine to modern medicine: identification of therapeutic targets for suppression of inflammation and cancer. Expert Opin Ther Tar 10(1):87–118

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aggarwal BB, Bhatt ID, Ichikawa H, Ahn KS, Sethi G, Sandur SS, Sundaram C, Seerum N, Shishodia S (2007) Curcumin: biological and medicinal properties. Turmeric; the genus Curcuma. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 297–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed F, Chandra JNNS, Urooj A, Rangappa KS (2009) In vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of Acorus calamus and Nardostachys jatamansi rhizomes. J Pharm Res 2:830–833

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, Ohadinia S (2003) Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 74:863–866

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali SS, Kasoju N, Luthra A, Singh A, Sharanabasava H, Sahu A, Bora U (2008) Indian medicinal herbs as sources of antioxidants. Food Res Int 41:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin IY, Norazaidah KI, Hainida E (2006) Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of raw and blanched Amaranthus species. Food Chem 94:47–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andola HC, Rawal RS, Bhatt ID (2008) Antioxidants in fruits and roots of Berberis asiatica Rox. ex.DC.: a highly valued Himalayan plant. Natl Acad Sci Lett 31(11–12): 337–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Andola HC, Rawal RS, Bhatt ID (2011) Comparative studies on the nutritive and anti-nutritive properties of fruits in selected Berberis species of West Himalaya, India. Food Res Int 44:2352–2356

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aqil F, Ahmad I, Mahmood Z (2006) Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of twelve traditionally used medicinal plants. Tub Tak 30:177–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Artemis PS, Gopalan C (2003) Plants in human health and nutrition policy. Karger Publishers, Basel, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • Arumugam P, Ramesh A (2009) Antigenotoxic and antioxidant potential of aqueous fraction of ethanol extract of Mentha spicata (L.) against 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced chromosome damage in mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 32:411–416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asha Devi S, Ganjewala D (2009) Antimicrobial activity of Acorus calamus (L.) rhizome and leaf extract. Acta Biol Szegediensis 53(1):45–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Auddy B, Ferreira M, Blasina F, Lafon L, Arredondo F, Dajas F, Tripathi PC, Seal T, Murkerjee B (2003) Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 84:131–138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badami S, Gupta MK, Suresh B (2003) Antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Striga orobanchioides. J Ethnopharmacol 85:227–230

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baquar SR (1989) Medicinal and poisonous plants of Pakistan. Printas, Karachi, p 461

    Google Scholar 

  • Baynes JW, Thorpe SR (1997) The role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications. Curr Opin Endocrinol 3:277–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernd A, Theilig C, Kippenberger S, Ramirez-Bosca A, Podda M, Diaz J, Miquel J, Kaufmann R (1997) An extract of Curcuma longa exerts anti-oxidative, antiinflammatory and antiproliferative effects on human keratinocytes in vitro. J Investig Dermatol 109:460

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhandari U, Kanojia R, Pillai KK (2005) Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on dyslipidaemia in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 97:227–230

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt ID, Prasad K, Rawat S, Rawal RS (2008) Evaluation of antioxidant phytochemical diversity in Hedychium spicatum: a high value medicinal plant of Himalaya. Phcog Mag 4(16):202–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt ID, Dauthal P, Rawat S, Gaira KS, Jugran A, Rawal RS, Dhar U (2012) Characterization of essential oil composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties in wild and planted individuals of Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Sci Hort 136:61–68

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya D, Jana U, Debnath PK, Sur TK (2007) Initial exploratory observational pharmacology of Valeriana wallichii on stress management: a clinical report. Ind J Exp Biol 45:764–769

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhuvaneswari R, Balasundaram C (2009) Anti-bacterial activity of Acorus calamus and some of its derivates against fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. J Med Plants Res 3(7):538–547

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer MS (2011) Natural antioxidants: sources, compounds, mechanisms of action and potential applications. Comp Rev Food Food Saf 10:221–246

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campos KE, Diniz YS, Cataneo AC, Faine LA, Alves MJ, Novelli EL (2003) Hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of onion, Allium cepa: dietary onion addition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycaemic effects on diabetic rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 54(3):241–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee M, Sarkar K, Parames C (2006) Sil herbal (Phyllanthus niruri) protein isolate protects liver from nimesulide induced oxidative stress. Pathophysiology 13:95–102

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chattopadhyay RR, Chattopadhyay RN, Nandy AK, Poddar G, Maitra SK (1987) Preliminary report on anti hyperglycemic effect of fraction of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica (beng neem). Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 35:29–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan S, Nath N, Tule V (2008) Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Picrorhiza kurrooa rhizome extract in diabetic rats. Ind J Clin Biochem 23:238–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Chawla R, Arora R, Singh S, Sagar RK, Sharma RK, Kumar R (2006) Podophyllum hexandrum offers radioprotection by modulating free radical flux: role of aryl-tetralin lignans. ECAM 3:503–511

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chludil HD, Corbino GB, Leicach RC (2008) Soil quality effects on Chenopodium album flavonoid content and antioxidant potential. J Agric Food Chem 56:5050–5056

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cionga E (1961) Considerations on the root of valerian. Pharmazie 16:43–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahanukar SA, Kulkarni RA, Rege NN (2000) Pharmacology of medicinal plants and natural products. Ind J Pharmacol 32:81–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis RH, Maro NP (1998) Aloe vera and gibberellins, anti-inflammatory activity in diabetes. J Am Pediatr Med Assoc 79:24–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Desai VR, Ramkrishnan R, Chintalwar GJ, Sainis KB (2007) G1-4A, an immunomodulatory polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia, modulates macrophage responses and protects mice against lipopolysaccharide induced endotoxic shock. Int Immunopharmacol 7:1375–1386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devasangayam TPA, Tilak JC, Boloor KK, Sane KS, Ghaskadbi SS, Lele RD (2004) Free radicals and antioxidant in human health: current status and future prospects. JAPI 52:794–804

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewanjee S, Maiti A, Sahu R, Duam TK, Mandal V (2009) Effective control of type-2 diabetes through antioxidant defense by edible fruits of Diospyros peregrine. ECAM. doi:10.1093/ecam/nep080

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerit JM, Edeas FB (2004) Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 58:39–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enkhmaa B, Shiwaku K, Katsube T, Kitajima K, Anuurad E, Yamasaki M, Yamane Y (2005) Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves and their major flavonol quercetin 3-(6-malonylglucoside) attenuate atherosclerotic lesion development in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Nutr 135:729–734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esposito E, Ratilio D, Di Matteo V, Di Glulia C, Cicchino M, Algeri S (2002) A review on specific dietary antioxidant and the effects on biochemical mechanism related to neurodegenerative processes. Neuribiol Aging 23:719–735

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrary CKB (2000) Free radical, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in apoptosis: implications in cancer, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Biologia 55:581–590

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganie SA, Haq E, Hamid A, Qurishi Y, Mahmood Z, Zargar BA, Masood A, Zargar MA (2011) Carbon tetrachloride induced kidney and lung tissue damages and antioxidant activities of the aqueous rhizome extract of Podophyllum hexandrum. BMC Complem Altern Med 28(11):17

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaster B, Holroyd J (2000) St. John’s wort for depression: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 160:152–156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZE, Rahmat A (2010) Antioxidant activities, total phenolic content in two varieties of Malaysia young ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Molecules 15:4324–4333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh M (2006) Antifungal properties of haem peroxidase from Acorus calamus. Ann Bot 98(6):1145–1153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan R, Singh DP, Rawat AKS (2007) High performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of phenolics in ‘Chyavanprash’, a potent Ayurvedic drug. J Pharm Biomed Anal 43:527–532

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunju L, Karan D, Chanda S, Srivastava KK, Sawhney RC, Selvamurthy W (2003) Immunomodulatory effects of agents of plant origin. Biomed Pharmacother 57:296–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta S, Prakash J (2009) Studies on Indian leafy vegetables for their antioxidant activity. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 64:39–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta S, Mediratta PK, Singh S, Sharma KK, Shukla R (2006) Antidibetic, antihypercholestrolaemic and antioxidant effects of Ocimum sanctum seed oil. Ind J Exp Biol 44:300–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Habash M, Amran M, Mackeen MM, Lajis NH, Kikuzaki H, Nakatani H, Rahman A, Ghafar A, Ali AM (2000) Screening of zingiberaceae extract for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. J Ethanopharmacol 92:403–410

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B (1994) Free radicals, antioxidants and human diseases: curiosity, cause and consequences. Lancet 344:721–724

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B (2007) Flavonoids: a re-run of the carotenoids story? Dietary supplements and health. Novartis Foundation Symposium Chichester, Willey, pp 93–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu Y, Hu J, Hu Q (2003) Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) extracts. J Agric Food Chem 51:7788–7791

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail S, Asad M (2009) Immunomodulatory activities of Acacia catechu. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol 53:25–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain AK, Sikarwar MK, Dubey SK, Jain AK (2007) Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of fruits of Juglans regia (L.). Int J Plant Sci 2:55–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain A, Soni M, Deb A, Jain A, Rout SP, Gupta VB, Krishna KL (2008) Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Momordica dioica Roxb. Leaves J Ethnopharmacol 115:61–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayashree G, Muraleedhara GK, Sudarslal S, Jacob VB (2003) Anti-oxidant activity of Centella asiatica on lymphoma-bearing mice. Fitoterapia 74:431–434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi S, Chanotiya CS, Agarwal G, Prakesh O, Pant AK, Methela CS (2008) Terpenoide compositions and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the rhizome essential oil of different Hedychium species. Chem Biodivers 5:299–309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaleen M, Asif M, Ahmed QU, Bano B (2006) Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Annona squamosa extract in streptorotocin indused diabetic rats. Singap Med J 47:670–675

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalim MD, Bhattacharyya D, Banerjee A, Chattopadhyay S (2010) Oxidative DNA damage preventive activity and antioxidant potential of plants used in unani system of medicine. BMC Complem Altern Med 10:77

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamalakkannan N, Prince P (2004) Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Aegle marmelos extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharma Biol 42:125–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamat JP, Boloor KK, Devasagayam TP, Venkatachalam SR (2000) Antioxidant properties of Asparagus racemosus against damage induced by gamma-radiation in rat liver mitochondria. J Ethnopharmacol 7:1425–1435

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamboj VP (2000) Herbal medicine. Curr Sci 78(1):35–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanowski S, Hoerr R (1997) Proof of the efficacy of the Gingko biloba special extract egb761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type of multi-infarct dementia. Phytomed 4:215–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlsen A, Retterstøl L, Laake P et al (2007) Anthocyanins inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B activation in monocytes and reduce plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators in healthy adults. J Nutr 137(8):1951–1954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kartik R, Rao CV, Pushpangadan P, Trivedi SP, Reddy GD (2010) Exploring the protective effects of Abrus precatorius in Hep G2 and N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in swiss albino rats. Ir J Pharm Sci 6:99–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Karunanayake EH, Welihinda J, Sirimanne SR, Sinnadorai G (1984) Oral hypoglycemic activity of some medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. J Ethnopharmacol 11:223–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khopde SM, Priyadarshni KI, Mohan H, Gawandi VB, Satav JV, Banavaliker MM, Biyani MK, Mittal JP (2001) Characterizing the antioxidant activity of amla (Phyllanthus emblica) extract. Curr Sci 81:85–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilani S, Ammar RB, Bouhlel I, Abdelwahed A, Hayder N, Mahmoud A, Ghedira K, Chekir-Ghedira L (2005) Investigation of extracts from (Tunisian) Cyperus rotundus as antimutagens and radical scavengers. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 20:478–484

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HL, Streltzer J, Goebert D (1999) St. John’s wort for depression: a meta-analysis of well-defined clinical trials. J Nerv Ment Dis 187:532–539

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubish HM, Vang J, Bray TM, Phillips JP (1997) Targeted over expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase protects pancreatic beta cells against oxidative stress. Diabetes 46:1563–1566

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucukboyaci N, Orhan I, Ener BS, Nawaz SA, Iqbal MC (2010) Assessment of enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of lignans from Taxus baccata. L Z Naturforsch 65c:187–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, Singh PK, Arora R, Chawala R, Sharma RK (2011) Radioprotective activities of Podophyllum hexandrum: current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms. Trees Life J 4:1–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumaran A, Karunakaran RJ (2007) In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of five Phyllanthus species from India. LWT (Food Sci Technol) 40:344–352

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kusznierewicza B, Bartoszekb A, Wolskaa L, Drzewieckic J, Gorinsteind S, Namiesinik J (2008) Partial characterization of white cabbages (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba) from different regions by glucosinolates, bioactive compoundsbioactive compounds, total antioxidant activities and proteins. LWT Food Sci Technol 41:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahae N, Chaiseri S (2009) Antioxidant activities and antioxidative components in extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. Kasetsart J Nat Sci 43:358–369

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandana B, Russly AR, Ali G, Farah ST (2011) Antioxidant activity of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves extracts by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction. Int Food Res J 18:543–547

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manikanandan S, Srikumar S, Yeya PN, Devi RS (2005) Protective effect of Acorus calamus Linn on free radical scavengers and lipid peroxidation in discrete regions of brain against noise stress exposed rat. Biol Pharm Bull 28:2327–2330

    Google Scholar 

  • Mark PM (2004) Metal-catalyzed disruption of membrane protein and lipid signaling in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1012:37–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Mashour NH, George IL, William HF (1998) Herbal medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 158:2225–2234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Materska M, Perucka I (2005) Antioxidant activity of the main phenolic compounds isolated from hot pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L.). J Agric Food Chem 53:1750–1756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matteucci E, Giampietro O (2000) Oxidative stress in families of type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 23:1182–1186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazumdar UK, Gupta M, Maiti S, Mukhejee D (1997) Antitumor activity of Hygrophila spinosa in ehrlich ascites carcinoma and sarcoma-180 induced mice. Ind J Exp Biol 35:473–477

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGregor GP, Biesalski HK (2006) Rationale and impact of vitamin C in clinical nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metabol Care 9(6):697–703

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrotra S, Mishra KP, Maurya R, Srimal RC, Yadav VS, Pandey R, Singh VK (2003) Anticellular and immunosuppressive properties of ethanolic extract of Acorus calamus rhizome. Int Immunopharmacol 3:53–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miguel MG (2010) Antioxidant activity of medicinal and aromatic plants. A Rev Flavour Fragr J 25:291–312

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mittal A, Pathania V, Agrawala PK, Prasad J, Singh S, Goel HC (2001) Influence of Podophyllum hexandrum on endogenous antioxidant defence system in mice: possible role in radioprotection. J Ethnopharmacol 76:253–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Modak M, Dixit P, Lonthe J, Ghaskabdi A, Devasagayam TPA (2007) Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. Recent Adv Ind Herb Drug Res 40:163–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Mondal SK, Chakraborty G, Gupta M (2005) In vitro antioxidant activity of Diospyros malabarica Kostal bark. Ind J Exp Biol 44:39–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Mongkolsilp S, Pongbupakit I, Sae-Lee N, Sitthithaworn W (2004) Radical scavenging activity and total phenolics content of medicinal plants used in primary health care. SWU J Pharm Sci 9:32–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Mungantiwar AA, Nair AM, Shinde UA, Dixishit VJ, Saraf MN, Thakur VS, Sainis KB (1999) Studies on the immunomodulatory effects of Boerhavia diffusa alkaloidal fraction. J Ethnopharmacol 65:125–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murthy KN, Rajasekaran T, Giridhar P, Ravishankar GV (2006) Antioxidant property of Decalepis hamiltonii Wight and Arn. Ind J Exp Biol 44:832–837

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naik GH, Priydarshni KI, Satav JG, Banavalikar MM, Soholi DP, Biyani MK, Mohan H (2003) Comparative antioxidant activity of individual herbal components used in ayurvedic medicine. Phytochemistry 63:97–104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naziroglu M, Cay M (2001) Protective role of intraperitoneally administered vitamin E and selenium on the oxidative defense mechanisms in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin. Biol Stress Elem Res 47:475–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Nijveldt RJ, van Nood E, van Hoorn DEC, Boelens PG, van Norren K, van Leeuwen PAM (2001) Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr 74:418–425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oberlay LW (1988) Free radicals and diabetes. Free Rad Biol Med 5:113–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Pal RS, Ariharasivakumar G, Girhepunje K, Upadhyay A (2009) In vitro antioxidant Activity of phenolic and flavonoids compounds extracted from seeds of Abrus precatorius. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 1:136–140

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peter PZ, Anthon JC, Khachaturian AS, Stone SV, Deborah G, JoAnn T, Tschanz MC, Norton KA, Welsh-Bohmer, Breitner JCS (2004) Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements-the cache county study. Arch Neurol 61:82–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Phongpaichit S, Pujenjob N, Rukachaisirikul V, Ongsakul M (2005) Antimicrobial activities of the crude methanol extract of Acorus calamus Linn. M J Sci Technol 26:517–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Pihlanto A, Akkanen S, Korhonen HJ (2008) ACE inhibitory and antioxidant properties of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Food Chem 108:104–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Poltanov EA, Shikov AN, Dorman HJD, Pozharitskaya ON, Makarow VG, Tikhonow VP, Hiltunen (2009) Chenical and antioxidant ecaluation of Indian Gooseberry (Embelica officinale Gaertn., syn Phyllanthus enblica L.) suplimants. Phytother Res 23:1309–1315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad KVSRG, Sujatha D, Bharathi K (2007) Herbal drugs in urolithiasis—a review. Pharmacog Rev 1:176–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Prochazkova D, Bousova I, Wilhelmova N (2011) Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of flavonoids. Fitoterapia 82(4):513–523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Punitha ISR, Rajendran K, Shirwaikar A, Shirwaikar A (2005) Alcoholic stem extract of Coscinium fenestratum regulates carbohydrate metabolism and improves antioxidant status in streptozotocin nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. ECAM 2:375–381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raffo A, Malfa GL, Fogliano V, Maiania G, Quaglia G (2006) Seasonal variations in antioxidant components of cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Naomi F1). J Food Compos Anal 19:11–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rai P, Wahile A, Mukhargee K, Saha B, Mukhargee RK (2006) Antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus) seed. J Ethanopharmacol 104:322–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Raj KJ, Shalini K (1999) Flavonoids—a review of biological activities. Ind Drugs 36:668–676

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajaprabhu D, Rajesh R, Jayakumar R, Buddhan S, Ganesan B, Anandan R (2007) Protective effects of Picrorhiza kurroa on antioxidant defense status in adrimyci-induced cardimyopathy in rats. J Med Plant Res 1:080–085

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajkumar V, Guha G, Kumar RK, Mathew L (2010) Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Berginia ciliata rhizome. Rec Nat Prod 4:38–48

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkumar V, Guha G, Kumar RA (2011) Antioxidant and anti-neoplastic activities of Picrorhiza kurroa extracts. Food Chem Toxicol 49:363–369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramadan G, Al-Kahtani MA, El-Sayed WM (2011) Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Curcuma longa (turmeric) versus Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizomes in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Inflammation 34:291–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishnappa K (2002) Impact of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: case studies from India. Biodiversity and the ecosystem approach in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramalakshmi K, Rahath KI, Rao LJM (2007) Antioxidant potential of low-grade coffee beans. J Food Sci 41:96–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranjith MS, Ranjitsingh AJA, Shankar SG, Vijayalaksmi GS, Deepa K, Sidhu HS (2008) Enhanced phagocytosis and antibody production by Tinospora cordifolia: a new dimension in immunomodulation. Afr J Biotechnol 7:81–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Rates SMK (2001) Plants as source of drugs. Toxicon 39:603–613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rawal A, Muddeshwar M, Biswas S (2004) Effect of Rubia cordifolia, Fagonia cretica linn, and Tinospora cordifolia on free radical generation and lipid peroxidation during oxygen–glucose deprivation in rat hippocampal slices. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 324:588–596

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rawat S, Bhatt ID, Rawal RS (2011a) Variation in total phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential of Hedychium spicatum Buch. Ham. ex D. Don in West Himalaya. India J Food Compos Anal 24:574–579

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rawat S, Jugran A, Giri L, Bhatt ID, Rawal RS (2011b) Assessment of antioxidant properties in fruits of myrica esculenta: a popular wild Edible species in Indian Himalayan region. ECAM. doi:10.1093/ecam/neq055

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rawat S, Andola H, Giri L, Dhyani P, Jugran A, Bhatt ID, Rawal RS (2012) Assessment of nutritional and antioxidant potential of selected vitality strengthening Himalayan medicinal plants. Int J Food Prop (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray R, Chaudhary SR, Majumdar B, Bandhopadhyay SK (2002) Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Picrorhiza kurroa on indomethacin induces gastric ulcer during healing. Ind J Clin Biochem 17:44–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricci D, Giamperi L (2006) Antioxidant activity of Punica granatum fruits. Fitoterapia 77:310–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahu MC, Kuttan R (2009) Antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of Terminalia belerica. Ind J Exp Biol 47:270–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Saini SA, Muruganandam AV, Agrawal S (2007) Antioxidant activities of some essential oils. Ind Drugs 44:236–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos MS, Ferreira F, Faro C, Pires E, Carvalho AP, Cunha AP, Macedo T (1994) The amount of GABA present in aqueous extracts of valerian is sufficient to account for [3H] GABA relaese in synaptosomes. Planta Med 60:475–476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satheesh MA, Pari L (2004) Antioxidant effect of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. In tissues of alloxan induced diabetic rats. Ind J Exp Biol 42:989–992

    Google Scholar 

  • Satoh K, Sakagami H (1997) Effect of metal ions on radical intensity and cytotoxic activity of ascorbate. Anticancer Res 17(2A):1125–1129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sbartai H, Djebar MR, Rouabhi R, Sbartai I, Berrebbah H (2011) Antioxidative response in tomato plants Lycopersicon esculentum L. Roots and leaves to zinc. Am-Eur J Toxicol Sci 3:41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Serrano J, Puupponen–Pimia R, Dauer A, Aura AM, Saura-Calixto F (2009) Tannins: Current knowledge of food sources, intake bioavailability and biological effects. Mol Nutr Food Res 53:1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanmugasundaram KR, Sujatha R, Shanmugasundaram ERB (1994) Amrita Bindu—a salt spice herbal health food supplement for the prevention of nitrosamine induced depletion of antioxidants. J Ethnopharmacol 42:83–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheela CG, Augusti KT (1992) Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. Indian Exp Biol 30:523–526

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shirwaikar A, Prabhu KS (2006) In vitro antioxidant studies of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Ind J Exp Biol 44:993–996

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirwaikar A, Somashekar AP, Udupa AL, Udupa SL, Somashekar S (2003) Wound healing studies of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. with supportive action of antioxidant enzymes. Phytomed 10:558–562

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sies H (1997) Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants. Exp Physiol 82(2):291–295

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Handa SS (1995) Hepatoprotective activity of Apium graveolens and Hygrophila auriculata against paracetamol and thioacetamide intoxication in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 49:119–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh J, Kakkar P (2009) Anti hyperglycemic and antioxidant effect of Berberis aristata root extract and its role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 123(1):22–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Srivastava R, Choudhary S (2010) Antifungal and HPLC analysis of the crude extracts of Acorus calamus, Tinospora cordifolia and Celestrus paniculatus. J Agri Tech 6:149–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivakumar V, Niranjali DS (2006) Protective effect of Plumbago zeylanica against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 29(3):279–288

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahelin HB (1999) The impact of antioxidants on chronic diseases in aging and in old age. Int J Vitam Nutri Res 69:149

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoilova I, Krastanov A, Stoyanova A, Denev P, Gargova S (2007) Antioxidant activity of a ginger extract (Zingiber officinale). Food Chem 102:764–770

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subhan F, Karim N, Ibrar M (2007) Anti- inflammatory activity of methanolic and aquous extracts of Valeriana wallichi DC rhizome. Pak J Plant Sci 13:103–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun T, Xu Z, Wu CT, Janes M, Prinyawiwatkul W, No HK (2007) Antioxidant activities of different colored sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). J Food Chem 72:S98–S102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundaram R, Mitra SK (2007) Anyioxidant activity of ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Acacia arabica bark in rats. Ind J Pharmacol 39:33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Surveswaran S, Cai Y, Corke H, Sun M (2006) Systemtic evaluation of natural phenolics antioxidants from 133 Indian medicinal plants. Food Chem 102:938–953

    Google Scholar 

  • Szatmari SZ, Whitehouse PJ (2003) Vinpocetine for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Sys Rev 1:CD003119

    Google Scholar 

  • Thind TS, Suri RK (1979) In vitro antifungal efficacy of four essential oils. Indian Perfumer 23:138–140

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thirugnanasampandan R, Mahendran G, Narmatha Bai V (2008) Antioxidant properties of some medicinal aristolochiaceae species. Afr J Biotechnol 7(4):357–361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler VE (1994) Herbs of choice: the therapeutic use of phytomedicinals. Pharmaceutical Product Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Veerapur VP, Prabhakar RK, Parihar VK, Kandadi MC, Ramakrishana S, Mishra V, Rao BSS, Srinivasan KK, Priyadarsini KI, Unnikrishnan MK (2009) Ficus racemosa stem bark extract: a potent antioxidant and a probable natural radioprotector. ECAM doi.10.1093./ecam/nem119

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkateswaran S, Pari L (2002a) Effect of Coccinia indica on blood glucose, insulin and hepatic key enzymes in experimental diabetes. Pharm Biol 40:165–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkateswaran S, Pari L (2002b) Antioxidant effect of Phaseolus vulgaris in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 11:206–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Wadkar KA, Magdum CA, Patil SS, Naikwade NS (2008) Anti-diabetic potential and Indian medicinal plants. J Herb Med Toxicol 2(1):45–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Wadood A, Wadood N, Shah SA (1989) Effects of Acacia arabica and Caralluma edulis on blood glucose levels on normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. J Pak Med Asso 39:208–212

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner H, Jurcic K, Schaette R (1980) Comparative studies on the sedative action of Valeriana extracts, valepotriates and their degradation products. Planta Med 39:358–365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang SY, Jiao H (2000) Scavenging capacity of berry crops on superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen. J Agric Food Chem 48(11):5677–5684

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wojdylo A, Oszmianki J, Czemerys R (2007) Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chem 105:940–949

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong LF, Lim YY, Omar M (2009) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some Alpinia species. J Food Biochem 33:835–851

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yogisha S, Raveesha KA (2009) In vitro antibacterial effect of selected medicinal plant extracts. J Nat Prod 2:64–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang D, Hamauzu Y (2004) Phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotenoids and antioxidant activity of broccoli and their changes during conventional and microwave cooking. Food Chem 88:503–509

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biodiversity Conservation and Management Theme, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263 643, Uttarakhand, India

    Indra D. Bhatt, Sandeep Rawat & Ranbeer S. Rawal

Authors
  1. Indra D. Bhatt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sandeep Rawat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ranbeer S. Rawal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Indra D. Bhatt .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , National Center for Natural Product Rese, University of Mississippi, Coy Waller Complex 135, University, 38677, Mississippi, USA

    Suman Chandra

  2. Nat Center Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, COY WALLER COMPLEX 135, UNIVERSITY, 38677, Mississippi, USA

    HEMANT LATA

  3. Amity Institute of Microbial Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ajit Varma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bhatt, I.D., Rawat, S., Rawal, R.S. (2013). Antioxidants in Medicinal Plants. In: Chandra, S., LATA, H., Varma, A. (eds) Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29974-2_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation