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Anorektale und kloakale Malformationen

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Kinderchirurgie

Zusammenfassung

Bei anorektalen Malformationen liegt eine Fehlmündung des Anus vor. Es handelt sich dabei um ein Fehlbildungsspektrum, bei dem häufig nicht nur der Enddarm betroffen ist, sondern kombinierte Fehlbildungen des Urogenitaltraktes und der lumbosakralen Wirbelsäule vorliegen können. Der Anus mündet entweder in den Urogenitaltrakt oder im Bereich des Perineums. Man bezeichnet die Fehlmündung des Anus als Fistel. Tatsächlich handelt es sich aber um einen ektopen und auch hypoplastischen Anus. Die Klassifikation erfolgt nach der anatomischen Lokalisation der Fistel. Je höher die Fistel in den Urogenitaltrakt mündet, desto komplexer ist die Fehlbildung und desto häufiger liegen zusätzliche Fehlbildungen vor. Die Kloakenfehlbildung stellt die komplexeste Form dieses Fehlbildungsspektrums dar und kommt nur bei Mädchen vor. Die Operationstechnik hängt von der Fehlbildung ab. Die häufigste Operation (Durchzugsoperation) ist heutzutage die posterior-sagittale Anorektoplastik (PSARP). Vor einer Durchzugsoperation bzw. nach der Geburt, muss bei fast allen Fehlbildungstypen zunächst ein Anus praeter angelegt werden. Dieser wird mehrere Wochen nach der Durchzugsoperation wieder verschlossen. Neben einer Stuhlinkontinenz liegt bei einigen Patienten auch eine Harninkontinenz vor. Diese tritt fast immer bei Patienten mit einer assoziierten Sakrumagenesie auf, da in diesen Fällen häufig die Innervation des unteren Harntraktes gestört ist. Teilweise liegt eine neurogene Blasenentleerungsstörung vor. Bei männlichen Patienten kann es auch zu Fertilitätsproblemen und selten zu einer erektilen Dysfunktion kommen. Mädchen mit Kloakenfehlbildung haben häufig nicht nur Kontinenzprobleme, sondern auch gynäkologische Probleme im späteren Leben. Die Nachsorge bei Patienten mit anorektalen Fehlbildungen ist sehr wichtig, wobei das Hauptaugenmerk auf der Behandlung einer Stuhlinkontinenz oder Obstipation liegt.

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Boemers, T. (2013). Anorektale und kloakale Malformationen. In: von Schweinitz, D., Ure, B. (eds) Kinderchirurgie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29779-3_30

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29779-3_30

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