Abstract
The purpose of this paper is a presentation of cross-linguistic interaction (CLIN; Herdina and Jessner, A dynamic model of multilingualism. Perspectives of change in psycholinguistics, 2002) at the grammatical level in L3 text comprehension and in the reception and production of L3 structures, in several language combinations. The paper is based on three studies. The first study focuses on L3 reception (as reflected in production, that is, translation into L1), the first part of the second one involves a receptive stage (grammaticality judgements) and a productive one (error correction), while the second part focuses on production (translation into L2 and into L3), and the third one concerns the production of L3 structures. In total, the studies involve five languages: Polish, English, French, German and Portuguese. As the results indicate, CLIN can take different forms and occur in various directions. In fact, transfer in production does not have to result in errors or anomalous structures, but also in the preference of certain structures rather than others. Moreover, in reception, not only are some structures more subject to CLIN, but such problems seem to depend on the subjects’ language combination, especially their L1. However, further research on this issue is needed and it would be advisable to develop a research methodology that would allow better isolation of production and reception, which seem largely interconnected.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Sentences used in the Grammaticality Judgement Task in Study 2:
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1.
Je me suis rappelé à poster la lettre.
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2.
Charlotte pense de voyager en Espagne.
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3.
Est-ce que ça te dérange si j’ouvre la fenêtre?
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4.
Elle a fait ses élèves écrire un conte de fées.
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5.
Je n’ai rien contre laver la vaisselle.
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6.
Pierre rêve de partir enfin en vacances.
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7.
Fumer est interdit ici.
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8.
Je ne me souviens pas d’aller chercher ta tante à l’aéroport l’année dernière à Noël.
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9.
Je voudrais vous remercier pour traduire ce document.
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10.
En faisant beaucoup d’exercices, on peut très bien apprendre la grammaire.
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11.
Je ne m’attendais pas à lui de refuser mon invitation.
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12.
Catherine est très déçue d’avoir perdu la compétition.
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13.
Jeanne est responsable pour réaliser ce projet.
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14.
Henri préfère skier plutôt que de patiner.
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15.
La prof a dit à Agnès à corriger sa rédaction.
Appendix 2: Sentences used in the Translation Task in Study 2:
From Polish into English:
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1.
Aby nauka była efektywna, należy dobrze się skoncentrować.
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2.
Wyleciał ze szkoły za rzucenie żabą w panią dyrektor.
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3.
Emily woli sama gotować obiady niż jeść w barach fast-food.
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4.
W czasie wojny amputował nogę żołnierzowi, nie będąc chirurgiem.
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5.
Powinieneś dać wypracowanie do poprawy swojej nauczycielce.
From Polish into French:
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1.
Uczenie się francuskiego może być naprawdę przyjemne.
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2.
Wrócili wcześniej, aby Maria mogła ich zobaczyć, zanim wyjedzie do Anglii.
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3.
Zaprosili babcię, aby spędziła z nimi święta Bożego Narodzenia.
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4.
Wstawili meble do mieszkania, nie pomalowawszy ścian.
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5.
Pamiętaj, żeby wysłać cioci życzenia urodzinowe.
From English into French:
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1.
We invited a professor to give a lecture on modern literature.
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2.
For the cake to be really soft, you should put it in the fridge before baking it.
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3.
Mary adores studying languages.
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4.
Drinking too much alcohol is harmful to health.
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5.
It can be fun to have your hair dressed by a good hairdresser.
Appendix 3: Sentences used in the Translation Task in Study 3:
From Polish into Portuguese:
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1.
Przykro mi, że nie zaprosiłam cię na urodziny.
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2.
Nie przypominam sobie, żebym rozmawiała z prezydentem w zeszłym roku.
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3.
Anna ma nadzieję, że dostanie pracę w liniach lotniczych ‘TAP’.
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4.
Piotr pogratulował mi tego, że zdobyłam nagrodę.
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5.
Chciałabym cię prosić, żebyś kupił pomidory.
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6.
Małgorzata nigdy nie widziała, jak kangury skaczą.
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7.
Przyniosę buty, żeby pani je zobaczyła.
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8.
Portugalski jest pięknym językiem mimo tego, że jest dość trudny.
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9.
Czy mogłabyś powiedzieć Filipowi, żeby przyszedł jutro?
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10.
Alicja jest bardzo zajęta pisaniem pracy magisterskiej.
From English into Portuguese:
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1.
Adam congratulated Mary on winning a poetry contest.
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2.
Isabella asked her sister to help her with the homework.
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3.
I’m sorry to have disturbed you with a phone call last night.
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4.
One day Mark saw a strange man walking in the woods.
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5.
Joan hopes to marry a rich man.
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6.
Despite working at an embassy, Robert speaks few foreign languages.
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7.
You did not really tell me to drive your grandma to the airport.
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8.
I will translate the text for you to read.
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9.
John is very busy repairing his car;
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10.
Henry does not remember dressing up as a duck during the carnival.
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Włosowicz, T.M. (2012). Cross-Linguistic Interaction at the Grammatical Level in L3 Reception and Production. In: Gabrys-Barker, D. (eds) Cross-linguistic Influences in Multilingual Language Acquisition. Second Language Learning and Teaching. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29557-7_8
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