Introduction

Abstract

Over the past decades, the field of biochemical analysis has witnessed an explosion of interest in the employment of nanomaterials in various applications, such as environmental monitoring, developmental biology, clinical toxicology, and industrial process monitoring. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in developing more robust, practical, and highly sensitive and selective detection assays that can address the disadvantages of conventional technologies. Consequently it employs nanomaterials to construct novel tools for studying biosystems, and researchers are investing a great deal of time and effort in developing new nanomaterials for applications in biodetection.