Abstract
Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) in cold atomic gases was first achieved experimentally in 1995 [1, 6]. After initial failed attempts with spin-polarized atomic hydrogen, the first successful demonstrations of this phenomenon used gases of rubidium and sodium atoms, respectively. Since then there has been a surge of activity in this field, with ingenious experiments putting forth more and more astonishing results about the behavior of matter at very cold temperatures.
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Notes
- 1.
It is possible to prove an upper bound on the critical temperature, however. That is, one can establish the absence of BEC for large enough temperature, see [31].
- 2.
Strictly speaking, it is not the expectation value of the perturbation that is the relevant measure of its smallness, but rather the variance. Hence the condition for validity of perturbation theory is slightly more stringent than what is displayed here.
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Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Dana Mendelson, Alex Tomberg and Daniel Ueltschi for allowing me to use their figures in these notes. Financial support through the ERC starting grant CoMboS-239694 is gratefully acknowledged.
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Seiringer, R. (2012). Cold Quantum Gases and Bose–Einstein Condensation. In: Quantum Many Body Systems. Lecture Notes in Mathematics(), vol 2051. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29511-9_2
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