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Environmental Stress and Amelioration in Livestock Production pp 75–95Cite as

Walking Stress Influence on Livestock Production

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Abstract

The food available to grazing animals, particularly during the dry season, in the tropics, is often of very low quality and, in addition, is frequently available at low densities per unit area. Grazing ruminants attempt to adapt to these adverse conditions by increasing the time for which they graze each day and also by dispersing more widely. However, the time for which animals can graze may be limited by solar radiation and fly irritation during the day. Depending on management conditions, livestock are required to walk long distances. When walking is restricted (1–3 km/day), animal performance is generally not reduced. However, under certain conditions (scarce or hilly pasture) the distances walked by livestock can be substantially greater. Unusual physical activity is considered a stress factor in all species since it induces neuroendocrine and metabolic changes which in turn alter the physiological responses, endocrine and enzymes’ release status and productivity in animals. In addition, there are both breed and interspecies differences in locomotory efficiency as a result of morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations in livestock. The significant changes in physiological responses, adrenal and thyroid hormone concentrations after subjecting the livestock species to walking stress shows that they are capable to adapt to long-distance walking and adrenal and thyroid gland hormones play a significant role in such adaptation. Though, while trying to adapt to long-distance walking scenario in search of food, animals compromise their productive performance. This is reflected as significant reduction in growth, milk and reproductive performance of different livestock species. The reason for this low production could be a major proportion of the energy is shifted to combating the walking stress as any counter measures need energy source for its implementation. The repercussions of walking or work on production performances have been studied by various researchers and reported that livestock energy requirement increases significantly during walking exercise. Further, most of the increase in energy expenditure of physical activity results from grazing and locomotion costs. The energy expenditure of locomotion during grazing contributes significantly to the energy requirement of animals in free-living conditions and must be included for accurate evaluation of the energy needs of the grazing animal.

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Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to the senior research fellow, Ms.Saumya Bahadur, for her valuable help in assisting the preparation of this manuscript.

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  1. Division of Physiology and Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, India

    Vijai P. Maurya & Gyanendra Singh

  2. Division of Physiology and Biochemistry, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Via-Jaipur, Rajasthan, 304501, India

    Veerasamy Sejian, Kamal Kumar & S. M. K. Naqvi

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  1. Vijai P. Maurya
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  2. Veerasamy Sejian
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Correspondence to Vijai P. Maurya .

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  1. , Division of Physiology and Biochemistry, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institut, Avikanagar, Via-Jaipur, 304501, Rajasthan, India

    Veerasamy Sejian

  2. , Division of Physiology and Biochemistry, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institut, Avikanagar, Via-Jaipur, 304501, India

    S.M.K. Naqvi

  3. and OARDC, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, 44691, Ohio, USA

    Thaddeus Ezeji

  4. , Department of Veterinary Clinical Scienc, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA

    Jeffrey Lakritz

  5. , Carbon Management and Sequestration Cent, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA

    Rattan Lal

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Maurya, V.P., Sejian, V., Kumar, K., Singh, G., Naqvi, S.M.K. (2012). Walking Stress Influence on Livestock Production. In: Sejian, V., Naqvi, S., Ezeji, T., Lakritz, J., Lal, R. (eds) Environmental Stress and Amelioration in Livestock Production. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29205-7_4

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