Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a method to study the characteristics of organic and inorganic materials, based on their passive electrical properties, determined by the observation of the tissue electrical response to the passage of external electrical energy. The impedance and phase angles of the materials is measured by a multiple frequency impedance analyzer (impedance meter) that is able to scan each sample at different frequencies. Electrochemical impedance have been widely used to estimate plant health, their nutrient status, mineral deficiency, presence of viruses, fruit damages, structural cellular variation during fruit ripening, freeze or chill damages, sensitivity to salinity, and measurement of root system growth in trees. In all these studies EIS measurements provided a means of nondestructively analyzing variation in intra- and extracellular resistances and in the condition of the membranes.The fundamental studies and some applications of EIS for the field of plant science are described, particularly in relation to root growth and development, seed quality, environmental stresses, and fruits damages or ripening.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ackmann JJ, Seitz MA (1984) Methods of complex impedance measurements in biological tissues. CRC Crit Rev Biomed Eng 11:281–311
Bauchot AD, Harker FR, Arnold WM (2000) The use of electrical impedance spectroscopy to assess the physiological condition of kiwifruit. Post Biol Technol 18:9–18
Burr K, Hawkins C, L’Hindorelle S, Binder W, George M, Repo T (2001) Methods for measuring cold hardiness of conifers. In: Bigras FJ, Colombo SJ (eds) Conifer cold hardiness. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 369–401
Cao Y, Repo T, Silvennoinen R, Lehto T, Pelkonen P (2011) Analysis of willow root system by electrical impedance spectroscopy. J Exp Bot 62:351–358
Cole KS (1940) Permeability and impermeability of cell membranes for ions. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 8:110–122
Cole KS (1972) Membranes, ions and impulses. University of California Press, Berkeley
Cole KS, Cole RH (1941) Dispersion and adsorption in dielectrics alternating current characteristics. J Chem Phys 9:341–352
Coster HGL, Chilcott TC, Coster ACF (1996) Impedance spectroscopy of interfaces, membranes and ultrastructures. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 40:79–98
Dalton F (1995) In situ root extent measurements by electrical capacitance methods. Plant Soil 173:157–165
Filho PB (2002) Tissue characterisation using an impedance spectroscopy probe. PhD thesis, Department of Medical Physiscs and Chemical Engineering, University of Sheffield
Foster KR, Schwan HP (1989) Dielectric properties of tissues and biological materials: a critical review. In: Bourne JR (ed) Critical reviews in biomedical engineering. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 25–104
Furmanski RJ, Buescher RW (1979) Influence of chilling on electrolyte leakage and internal conductivity of peach fruits. HortSci 14:167–168
Harker FR, Forbes SK (1997) Ripening and development of chilling injury in persimonn fruit: an electrical impedance study. NZ J Crop Hort Sci 25:149–157
Harker FR, Maindonald JH (1994) Ripening of nectarine fruit. Changes in the cell wall, vacuole, and membrane detected using electrical impedance measurements. Plant Physiol 106:165–171
Hayden RI, Moyse CA, Calder FW, Crawford DP, Fensom DS (1969) Electrical impedance studies on potato and alfalfa tissue. J Exp Bot 20:177–200
Inaba A, Manabe T, Tsuji H, Iwamoto T (1995) Electrical impedance analysis of tissue properties associated with ethylene induction by electric currents in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Plant Physiol 107:199–205
Ivorra A (2003) Bioimpedance monitoring for physicians: an overview. Centre Nacional de Microelectrònica Biomedical Applications Group
Kanai H, Haemo M, Sakamoto K (1987) Electrical measurements of fluid distribution in legs and arms. Med Prog Technol 12:159–170
Klein JD (1987) Relationship of harvest date, storage conditions, and fruit characteristics to bruise susceptibility of apple. J Am Soc Hort Sci 112:113–118
Lackermeier AH, McAdams ET, Moss GP, Woolfson AD (1999) In vivo ac impedance spectroscopy of human skin: theory and problems in monitoring of passive percutaneous drug delivery. Ann N Y Acad Sci 873:197–213
Levitt J (1981) Responses of plants to environmental stresses. Water, radiation, salt, and other stresses. In: Kozlowski TT (ed) Physiological ecology, vol 2. Academic Press, Toronto, pp 28–53
Lewis GS, Aizinbud E, Leherer AR (1989) Changes in electrical resistance of vulvar tissue in Holstein cows during ovarian cycles and after treatment with prostaglandin F2α. Anim Reprod Sci 18:183–197
Liedtke RJ (1997) Principles of bioelectrical impedance analysis. RJL Systems Inc., Clinton 10
Lougheed EC, Miller SR, Miller BD, Cline R (1981) Electrical impedance of diaminozide and calcium-trated mcIntosh apples. Experimentia 37:835–837
Luoranen J, Tapani R, Lappi J (2004) Assessment of the frost hardiness of shoots of silver birch (Betula pendula) seedlings with and without controlled exposure to freezing. Can J For Res 34:1108–1118
Macdonald JR (1987) Impedance spectroscopy. Emphasizing solid materials and systems. John Wiley and Sons, New York
Macdonald JR (1992) Impedance spectroscopy. Ann Biomed Eng 20:289–305
Macdonald JR, Garber JA (1977) Analysis of impedance and admittance data for solids and liquids. J Electroch Soc 124:1022–1030
Mancuso S (2000) Electrical resistance changes during exposure to low temperature and freezing measure chilling tolerance in olive tree (Olea europaea L.) plants. Plant, Cell Environ 23:291–299
Mancuso S, Azzarello E (2002) Heat tolerance in olive. Adv Hort Sci 16:125–130
Mancuso S, Rinaldelli E (1996) Response of young mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants of Olive tree (Olea europea L.) to saline conditions. II. dynamics of electrical impedance parameters of shoots and leaves. Adv Hort Sci 10:135–145
Mancuso S, Nicese FP, Masi E, Azzarello E (2004) Comparing fractal analysis, electrical impedance and electrolyte leakage for the assessment of the freezing tolerance in Callistemon and Grevillea spp. J Hort Sci Biotech 79:627–632
Martinez FS (2007) Electrical bioimpedance cerebral monitoring: fundamental steps towards clinical application, thesis for the degree of doctor of philosophy. School of Engineering, University College of Borås, Sweden. Printed by Chalmers Reproservice Göteborg, Sweden
Matsumoto N, Homma T, Morita S, Abe J (2001) Capacitance as a possible indicator for size of maize root system. In: Proceedings of the 6th symposium of the international society of root research, Nagoya, Japan, pp 578–579
Ozier-Lafontaine H, Bajazet T (2005) Analysis of root growth by impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Plant Soil 277:299–313
Ozier-Lafontaine H, Bajazet T, Cabidoche YM (2001) Electrical capacitance as a tool for non- invasive root size estimation: minimizing soil and electrodes influences. In: Proceedings of the 6th symposium of the international society of root research, Nagoya, Japan, pp 190–191
Paine DH, Repo T, Taylor AG (2001) Noninvasive seed quality test by impedance spectrum analysis. Reprinted Seed Technol 23:187–192
Palta JP, Weiss LS (1993) Ice formation and freezing injury: an overview on the survival mechanisms and molecular aspects of injury and cold acclimation in herbaceous plants. In: Li PH, Christersson L (eds) advances in plant cold hardiness. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp 143–176
Pänke O, Balkenhohl T, Kafka J, Schäfer D, Lisdat F (2008) Impedance spectroscopy and biosensing. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 109:195–237
Priestley DA (1986) Seed aging. Cornell University Press, New York
Rajkai K, Végh KR, Nacsa T (2002) Electrical capacitance as the indicator of root size and activity. Agrokémia és Talajtan 51:1–10
Repo T (1994) Influence of different electrodes and tissues on the impedance spectra of scots pine shoots. Electro Magnetobiol 13:1–14
Repo T, Pulli S (1996) Application of impedance spectroscopy for selecting frost hardy varieties of english ryegrass. Ann Bot 78:605–609
Repo T, Zhang MIN (1993) Modelling woody plant tissues using a distributed electrical circuits. J Exp Bot 44:977–992
Repo T, Zhang MIN, Ryyppö A, Vapaavuori E, Sutinen S (1994) Effects of freeze-thaw injury on parameters of distributed electrical circuits of stems and needles of scots pine seedlings at different stages of acclimation. J Exp Bot 45:557–565
Repo T, Zhang G, Ryyppö A, Rikala R (2000) The electrical impedance spectroscopy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) shoots in relation to cold acclimation. J Exp Bot 51(353):2095–2107
Repo T, Paine D, Taylor A (2002) Electrical impedance spectroscopy in relation to seed viability and moisture content in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Seed Sci Res 12:17–29
Repo T, Laukkanen J, Silvennoinen R (2005) Measurement of the tree root growth using electrical impedance spectroscopy. Silv Fenn 39:159–166
Ryyppö A, Repo T, Vapaavuori E (1998) Development of freezing tolerance in roots and shoots of Scots pine seedlings at non freezing temperatures. Can J For Res 51:2095–2107
Schoorl D, Holt JE (1977) The effects of storage time and temperature on the bruising of Jonathan, delicious and granny Smith apples. J Text Stud 8:409–416
Schröder J, Doerner S, Schneider T, Hauptmann P (2004) Analogue and digital sensor interfaces for impedance spectroscopy. Meas Sci Technol 15:1271–1278
Shabala SN, Newman IA (1997) H+ flux kinetics around plant roots after short-term exposure to low temperature: identifying critical temperatures for plant chilling tolerance. Plant, Cell Environ 10:1401–1410
Steponkus PL (1984) Role of the plasma membrane in freezing injury and cold acclimation. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 35:543–584
Sugiyama J, Hayashi T, Horiuchi H (1987) Electrical impedance of kiwifruit. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi 33:725–730
Tsarouhas WA, Kenney L, Zsuffa LZ (2000) Application of two electrical methods for the rapid assessment of freezing resistance in Salix eriocephala. Biom Bioener 19(3):165–175
Väinölä A, Repo T (2000) Impedance spectroscopy in frost hardiness evaluation of Rhododendron leaves. Ann Bot 86:799–805
van Beem J, Smith ME, Zobel RW (1998) Estimating root mass in maize using a portable capacitance meter. Agron J 90:566–570
Varlan AR, Sansen W (1996) Nondestructive electrical impedance analysis in fruit: normal ripening and injuries characterization. Electro Magnetobiol 15:213–227
von Mollendorff LJ, Jacobs G, de Villiers OT (1992) Cold storage influences internal characteristics of nectarines during ripening. HortSci 27:1295–1297
Weaver GM, Jackson HO (1966) Electric impedance, an objective index of maturity in peach. Can J Plant Sci 46:323–326
Yoshida S (1991) Chilling-induced inactivation and its recovery of tonoplast H + -ATPase in mung bean cell suspension cultures. Plant Physiol 95:456–460
Yoshida S (1994) Low temperatures-induced cytoplasmic acidosis in cultured mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) cells. Plant Physiol 104:1131–1138
Zachariah G (1976) Electrical properties of fruits and vegetables for quality evaluation. In: Gaffney JJ (ed) Quality detection in foods. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St Joseph, pp 98–101
Zhang MIN, Willison JHM (1991) Electrical impedance analysis in plant tissues: a double shell model. J Exp Bot 42:1465–1475
Zhang MIN, Willison JHM (1992) Electrical impedance analysis in plant tissues: the effect of freeze-thaw injury on the electrical properties of potato tuber and carrot root tissues. Can J Plant Sci 72:545–553
Zhang MIN, Willison JHM (1993) Electrical impedance analysis in plant tissues: impedance measurement in leaves. J Exp Bot 44:1369–1375
Zhang MIN, Stout DG, Willison JHM (1990) Electrical impedance analysis in plant tissues: symplasmic resistance and membrane capacitance in the hayden model. J Exp Bot 41:371–380
Zhang MIN, Stout DG, Willison JHM (1992) Plant tissue impedance and cold acclimation: a re-analysis. J Exp Bot 43:263–266
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Azzarello, E., Masi, E., Mancuso, S. (2012). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. In: Volkov, A. (eds) Plant Electrophysiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29119-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29119-7_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-29118-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-29119-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)