Abstract
Venus flytrap is a marvelous plant that intrigued scientists since times of Charles Darwin. This carnivorous plant is capable of very fast movements to catch insects. Mechanism of this movement was debated for a long time. Here, the most recent Hydroelastic Curvature Model is presented. In this model the upper leaf of the Venus flytrap is visualized as a thin, weakly curved elastic shell with principal natural curvatures that depend on the hydrostatic state of the two surface layers of cell, where different hydrostatic pressures are maintained. Unequal expansion of individual layers A and B results in bending of the leaf, and it was described in terms of bending elasticity. The external triggers, either mechanical or electrical, result in the opening of pores connecting these layers; water then rushes from the upper layer to the lower layer, and the bilayer couple quickly changes its curvature from convex to concave and the trap closes. Equations describing this movement were derived and verified with experimental data. The whole hunting cycle from catching the fly through tightening, through digestion, and through reopening the trap was described.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Affolter JM, Olivo RF (1975) Action potentials in Venus’s-flytraps: long-term observations following the capture of prey. Am Midl Nat 93:443–445
Beilby MJ, Bisson MA, Shepherd VA (2006) Electrophysiology of turgor regulation in charophyte cells. In: Volkov AG (ed) Plant electrophysiology—theory and methods. Springer, Berlin, pp 375–406
Benolken RM, Jacobson SL (1970) Response properties of a sensory hair excised from Venus’s flytrap. J Gen Physiol 56:64–82
Bobji MS (2005) Springing the trap. J Biosci 30:143–146
Brown WH (1916) The mechanism of movement and the duration of the effect of stimulation in the leaves of Dionaea. Amer J Bot 3:68–90
Brown WH, Sharp LW (1910) The closing response in Dionaea. Bot Gaz 49(1910):290–302
Buchen B, Hensel D, Sievers A (1983) Polarity in mechanoreceptor cells of trigger hairs of Dionaea muscipula Ellis. Planta 158:458–468
Burdon-Sanderson J (1873) Note on the electrical phenomena, which accompany stimulation of the leaf of Dionaea muscipula Ellis. Phil Proc R Soc Lond 21:495–496
Burdon-Sanderson J, Page FJM (1876) On the mechanical effects and on the electrical disturbance consequent on excitation of the leaf of Dionaea muscipula. Philos Proc R Soc Lond 25:411–434
Darwin C (1875) Insectivorous plants. Murray, London
De Candolle CP (1876) Sur la structure et les mouvements des feuilles du Dionaea muscipula. Arch Sci Phys Nat 55:400–431
Detmers FJM, De Groot BL, Mueller EM, Hinton A, Konings IBM, Sze M, Flitsch SL, Grubmueller H, Deen PMT (2006) Quaternary ammonium compounds as water channel blockers: specificity, potency, and site of action. J Biol Chem 281:14207–14214
DiPalma JR, McMichael R, DiPalma M (1966) Touch receptor of Venus flytrap, Dionaea muscipula. Science 152:539–540
Drever JI (1997) The geochemistry of natural waters: surface and groundwater environments. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Fagerberg WR, Allain D (1991) A quantitative study of tissue dynamics during closure in the traps of Venus’s flytrap Dionaea muscipula Ellis. Amer J Bot 78:647–657
Fagerberg WR, Howe DG (1996) A quantitative study of tissue dynamics in Venus’s flytrap Dionaea muscipula (Droseraceae) II. Trap reopening. Amer J Bot 83:836–842
Forterre Y, Skothelm JM, Dumals J, Mahadevan L (2005) How the Venus flytrap snaps. Nature 433:421–425
Hill BS, Findlay GP (1981) The power of movement in plants: the role of osmotic machines. Q Rev Biophys 14:173–222
Hodick D, Sievers A (1988) The action potential of Dionaea muscipula Ellis. Planta 174:8–18
Hodick D, Sievers A (1989) The influence of Ca2+ on the action potential in mesophyll cells of Dionaea muscipula Ellis. Protoplasma 133:83–84
Jacobson SL (1965) Receptor response in Venus’s flytrap. J Gen Physiol 49:117–129
Jacobson SL (1974) The effect of ionic environment on the response of the sensory hair of Venus’s flytrap. Can J Bot 52:1293–1302
Jaffe MJ (1973) The role of ATP in mechanically stimulated rapid closure of the Venus’s flytrap. Plant Physiol 51:17–18
Krol E, Dziubinska H, Stolarz M, Trebacz K (2006) Effects of ion channel inhibitors on cold- and electrically-induced action potentials in Dionaea muscipula. Biol Plantarum 50:411–416
Ksenzhek OS, Volkov AG (1998) Plant energetics. Academic Press, San Diego
Lichtner FT, Williams SE (1977) Prey capture and factors controlling trap narrowing in Dionaea (Doseraceae). Am J Bot 64:881–886
Lim HWG, Wortis M, Mukhopadhyay R (2002) Stomatocyte-discocyte-echinocyte sequence of the human red blood cell: evidence for the bilayer-couple hypothesis from membrane mechanics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:16766–16769
Lloyd FE (1942) The carnivorous plants. Ronald, New York
Markin VS, Albanesi JP (2002) Membrane fusion: stalk model revisited. Biophys J 82:693–712
Markin VS, Volkov AG, Jovanov E (2008) Active movements in plants: mechanism of trap closure by Dionaea muscipula Ellis. Plant Signal Behav 3:778–783
Maurel C (1997) Aquaporins and water permeability of plant membranes. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48:399–429
Maurel C, Chrispeels MJ (2001) Aquaporins. A molecular entry into plant water relations. Plant Physiol 125:135–138
McGowan AMR, Washburn AE, Horta LG, Bryant RG, Cox DE, Siochi EJ, Padula SL, Holloway NM (2002) Recent results from NASA’s morphing project, smart structures and materials. In: Proceedings of SPIE—International Society for Optical Engineering (USA), San Diego, CA, vol 4698, doi:10.1117/12.475056
Mozingo HN, Klein P, Zeevi Y, Lewis ER (1970) Venus’s flytrap observations by scanning electron microscopy. Amer J Bot 57:593–598
Munk H (1876) Die electrischen und Bewegungserscheinungen am Blatte der Dionaeae muscipula. Arch Anat Physiol Wiss Med pp 30–203
Nayak TK, Sikdar SK (2007) Time-dependent molecular memory in single voltage-gated sodium channel. J Membr Biol 219:19–36
Nelson DL, Cox MM (2005) Lehninger principles of biochemistry, 4th edn. Freeman, New York, pp 58–59
Pavlovič A, Demko V, Hudak J (2010) Trap closure and prey retention in Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) temporarily reduces photosynthesis and stimulates respiration. Ann Bot 105:37–44
Pavlovič A, Slovakova L, Pandolfi C, Mancuso S (2011) On the mechanism underlying photosynthetic limitation upon trigger hair irritation in the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis). J Exp Bot 62:1991–2000
Qi Z, Chi S, Su X, Naruse K, Sokabe M (2005) Activation of a mechanosensitive BK channel by membrane stress created with amphipaths. Mol Membr Biol 22:519–527
Rea PA (1983) The dynamics of H+ efflux from the trap lobes of Dionaea muscipula Ellis (Venus’s flytrap). Plant, Cell Environ 6:125–134
Rea PA (1984) Evidence for the H+ -co-transport of D-alanine by the digestive glands of Dionaea muscipula Ellis. Plant, Cell Environ 7:363–366
Savage DF, Stroud RM (2007) Structural basis of aquaporin inhibition by mercury. J Mol Biol 368:607–617
Scala J, Iott K, Schwab DW, Semersky FE (1969) Digestive secretion of Dionaea muscipula (Venus’s-Flytrap). Plant Physiol 44:367–371
Sheetz MP, Singer SJ (1974) Biological membranes as bilayer couples. A molecular mechanism of drug-erythrocyte interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:4457–4461
Shimmen T (2006) Electrophysiology in mechanosensing and wounding response. In: Volkov AG (ed) Plant electrophysiology—theory and methods. Springer, Berlin, pp 319–339
Sibaoka T (1969) Physiology of rapid movements in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 20:165–184
Stuhlman O, Darden E (1950) The action potential obtained from Venus’s flytrap. Science 111:491–492
Tamiya T, Miyazaki T, Ishikawa H, Iriguchi N, Maki T, Matsumoto JJ, Tsuchiya T (1988) Movement of water in conjunction with plant movement visualized by NMR imaging. J Biochem 104:5–8
Tyerman SD, Niemietz CM, Bramley H (2002) Plant aquaporins: multifunctional water and solute channels with expanding roles. Plant, Cell Environ 25:173–194
Volkov AG (ed) (2006a) Plant electrophysiology. Springer, Berlin
Volkov AG (2006b) Electrophysiology and phototropism. In: Balushka F, Manusco S, Volkman D (eds) Communication in plants. Neuronal aspects of plant life. Springer, Berlin, pp 351–367
Volkov AG, Deamer DW, Tanelian DL, Markin VS (1998) Liquid interfaces in chemistry and biology. Wiley, New York
Volkov AG, Adesina T, Jovanov E (2007) Closing of Venus flytrap by electrical stimulation of motor cells. Plant Signal Behav 2:139–145
Volkov AG, Adesina T, Markin VS, Jovanov E (2008a) Kinetics and mechanism of Dionaea muscipula trap closing. Plant Physiol 146:694–702
Volkov AG, Carrell H, Adesina T, Markin VS, Jovanov E (2008b) Plant electrical memory. Plant Signal Behav 3:490–492
Volkov AG, Coopwood KJ, Markin VS (2008c) Inhibition of the Dionaea muscipula Ellis trap closure by ion and water channels blockers and uncouplers. Plant Sci 175:642–649
Volkov AG, Carrell H, Baldwin A, Markin VS (2009a) Electrical memory in Venus flytrap. Bioelectrochemistry 75:142–147
Volkov AG, Carrell H, Markin VS (2009b) Biologically closed electrical circuits in Venus flytrap. Plant Physiol 149:1661–1667
Volkov AG, Pinnock MR, Lowe DC, Gay MS, Markin VS (2011) Complete hunting cycle of Dionaea muscipula: Consecutive steps and their electrical properties. J Plant Physiol 168:109–120
Williams ME, Mozingo HN (1971) The fine structure of the trigger hair in Venus’s flytrap. Amer J Botany 58:532–539
Williams SE, Bennet AB (1982) Leaf closure in the Venus flytrap: an acid growth response. Science 218:1120–1121
Yang R, Lenaghan SC, Zhang M, Xia L (2010) A mathematical model on the closing and opening mechanism for Venus flytrap. Plant Signal Behav 5:968–978
Zonia L, Munnik T (2007) Life under pressure: hydrostatic pressure in cell growth and function. Trends Plant Sci 12:90–97
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the grant from the U.S. Army Research Office.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Markin, V.S., Volkov, A.G. (2012). Morphing Structures in the Venus Flytrap. In: Volkov, A. (eds) Plant Electrophysiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29110-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29110-4_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-29109-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-29110-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)