Abstract
In the Earth’s nature, water is the only substance, which occurs in all three phases: gas, liquid, and solid.
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Notes
- 1.
Bismuth, gallium and germanium, for example, become less dense in the liquid–solid phase change. But the change is by far not so large than in water.
- 2.
Frazil comes the French word fraisil, which refers to coal cinders.
- 3.
Slush is water-saturated snow.
- 4.
In glaciology where snow transforms into ice by compression, the density is taken as 830 kg m−3 at the transition (e.g., Paterson 1999), corresponding to the gas content of 9.5 %.
- 5.
The thickness where irradiance has decreased to the fraction e−1, also called the e-folding thickness.
- 6.
Inherent optical properties depend on the properties of the medium only, while apparent optical properties depend also on the directional distribution of the incoming light.
- 7.
Sometimes the expression spectral albedo is used instead of surface reflectance.
- 8.
Also know as yellow substance in optical oceanography.
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Leppäranta, M. (2015). Structure and Properties of Lake Ice. In: Freezing of Lakes and the Evolution of their Ice Cover. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29081-7_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29081-7_3
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