Abstract
In this chapter I describe and critically discuss the methods of estimating stopover duration. Potential pitfalls of the capture-mark-recapture analysis are discussed, and radio telemetry is recommended. However, an important benefit of capture-mark-recapture models is that they not only provide estimates of the mean stopover duration, but often allow studying within-species diversity of stopover strategies. The empirical results from the literature are reviewed. It is concluded that the duration of migratory stopovers of songbirds usually varies between 1 and 15 days. Sometimes, especially before and just after crossing large ecological barriers (large water bodies, deserts) stopovers may be longer and reach 20–25 days, occasionally even longer. Significant proportions of migrants stop over for one day only and continue migration on the first night after arrival.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aborn DA, Moore FR (1997) Pattern of movement by summer tanagers (Piranga rubra) during migratory stopover: a telemetry study. Behaviour 134:1077–1100
Alerstam T, Lindström Å (1990) Optimal bird migration: the relative importance of time, energy, and safety. In: Gwinner E (ed) Bird migration. Springer, Berlin
Arizaga J, Barba E, Belda EJ (2008) Fuel management and stopover duration of blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla stopping over in northern Spain during autumn migration period. Bird Study 55:124–134
Bairlein F (1995) Manual of field methods, European-African songbird migration network. Institut für Vogelforschung, Wilhelmshaven
Bairlein F (1998) The European-African songbird migration network: new challenges for large-scale study of bird migration. Biol Cons Fauna 102:13–27
Balança G, Schaub M (2005) Post-breeding migration ecology of reed Acrocephalus scirpaceus, moustached A. melanopogon and Cetti’s warbler Cettia cetti at a Mediterranean stopover site. Ardea 93:245–257
Bayly NJ (2006) Optimality in avian migratory fuelling behaviour: a study of a trans-Saharan migrant. Anim Behav 71:173–182
Bayly NJ (2007) Extreme fattening by sedge warblers, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, is not triggered by food availability alone. Anim Behav 74:471–479
Bayly NJ, Rumsey SJR (2007) Grasshopper warbler Locustella naevia autumn migration—findings from a study in southeast Britain. Ring Migr 23:147–155
Bibby CJ, Green RE (1981) Autumn migration strategies of reed and sedge warblers. Ornis Scand 12:1–12
Bibby CJ, Green RE, Pepler GRM, Pepler PA (1976) Sedge warbler migration and reed aphids. Brit Birds 69:384–399
Blyumental TI, Gavrilov VM, Dolnik VR (1967) O prichinakh volnoobraznosti migratsii zyablika (On the causes of wave-like pattern of the chaffinch migration). Comm Baltic Comm Study Bird Migr 4:69–80
Bolshakov CV, Bulyuk VN, Sinelschikova A (2000) Study of nocturnal departures in small passerine migrants: retrapping of ringed birds in high mist-nets. Vogelwarte 40:250–258
Bolshakov C, Bulyuk V, Chernetsov N (2003a) Spring nocturnal migration of Reed Warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus: departure, landing and body condition. Ibis 145:106–112
Bolshakov CV, Bulyuk VN, Mukhin A, Chernetsov N (2003b) Body mass and fat reserves of Sedge Warblers during vernal nocturnal migration: departure versus arrival. J Field Ornithol 74:81–89
Bolshakov CV, Chernetsov N, Mukhin A, Bulyuk VN, Kosarev V, Ktitorov P, Leoke D, Tsvey A (2007) Time of nocturnal departures in European robins, Erithacus rubecula, in relation to celestial cues, season, stopover duration and fat stores. Anim Behav 74:855–865
Bulyuk VN (2006) At what time of the day do passerine nocturnal migrants arrive at their breeding sites? Ardea 94:132–139
Bulyuk VN, Mukhin A, Fedorov VA, Tsvey A, Kishkinev D (2000) Juvenile dispersal in Reed Warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus at night. Avian Ecol Behav 5:45–63
Bulyuk VN, Tsvey A (2006) Timing of nocturnal autumn migratory departures in juvenile European robins (Erithacus rubecula) and endogenous and external factors. J Ornithol 147:298–309
Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd edn. Springer, NY
Chernetsov N (1998a) On the direction of postnesting dispersal in the sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) (Passeriformes, Sylviidae). Russ J Zool 2:626–628
Chernetsov N (1998b) Stopover length and weight change in juvenile Reed Warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus in autumn in the Eastern Baltic. Avian Ecol Behav 1:68–75
Chernetsov N (2005) Spatial behavior of medium and long-distance migrants at stopovers studied by radio tracking. Annals N Y Acad Sci 1046:242–252
Chernetsov N (2010) Migratory stopovers of wrens Troglodytes troglodytes on the south-eastern Baltic coast. Avian Ecol Behav 17:13–22
Chernetsov N, Bulyuk VN, Ktitorov P (2007) Migratory stopovers of passerines in an oasis at the crossroad of the African and Indian flyways. Ring Migr 23:243–251
Chernetsov N, Mukhin A (2006) Spatial behaviour of European robins Erithacus rubecula during migratory stopovers: a telemetry study. Wilson J Ornithol 118:364–373
Chernetsov N, Mukhin A, Ktitorov P (2004) Contrasting spatial behaviour of two long-distance passerine migrants at spring stopovers. Avian Ecol Behav 12:53–61
Chernetsov N, Titov N (2000) Design of a trapping station for studying migratory stopovers by capture-mark-recapture analysis. Avian Ecol Behav 5:27–33
Cooch E, White E (2005) Program MARK: a gentle introduction, 5th edn. http://www.phidot.org/software/mark/docs/book/. Accessed 28 Nov 2010
Dierschke V, Delingat J (2001) Stopover behaviour and departure decision of northern wheatears, Oenanthe oenanthe, facing different onward non-stop flight distances. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 50:535–545
Dolnik VR (1975) Migratsionnoye sostoyanie ptits (Migratory disposition of birds). Nauka, Moscow
Efford M (2005) Migrating birds stop over longer than usually thought: comment. Ecology 86:3415–3418
Ellegren H (1993) Speed of migration and migratory flight lengths of passerine birds ringed during autumn migration in Sweden. Ornis Scand 24:220–228
Floerike C (1893) Vogelleben auf der Kurischen Nehrung. Ornithol Jahrb 4:1–11
Forstmeier W (2002) Benefits of early arrival at breeding grounds vary between males. J Anim Ecol 71:1–9
Fransson T (1995) Timing and speed of migration in North and West European populations of Sylvia warblers. J Avian Biol 26:39–48
Fransson T, Barboutis C, Mellroth R, Akriotis T (2008) When and where to fuel before crossing the Sahara desert—extended stopover and migratory fuelling in first-year garden warblers Sylvia borin. J Avian Biol 39:133–138
Gauthreaux SA Jr (1971) A radar and direct visual study of passerine spring migration in southern Louisiana. Auk 88:343–365
Grüll A, Zwicker E (1981) Nachbrutzeitliche Ortsveränderungen von Schilfrohrsänger (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) und Teichrohrsänger (A. scirpaceus). Egretta 25:23–26
Hall-Karlsson KSS, Fransson T (2008) How far do birds fly during one migratory flight stage? Ring Migr 24:95–100
Hargrove JW, Borland CH (1994) Pooled population parameter estimates from mark-recapture data. Biometrics 50:1129–1141
Hedenström A, Alerstam T (1997) Optimum fuel loads in migratory birds: distinguishing between time and energy minimization. J Theor Biol 189:227–234
Herremans M (1990) Body-moult and migration overlap in reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) trapped during nocturnal migration. Gerfaut 80:149–158
Jenni L, Winkler R (1994) Moult and ageing of European passerines. Academic Press, London
Kaiser A (1993) Rast- und Durchzugstrategien mitteleuropäischer Singvögel, Analysen von Fang- und Wiederfangdaten von Fangstationen zur Beschreibung der Ökophysiologie und des Verhaltens rastender Populationen. Doktorarbeit, Universität Konstanz
Kaiser A (1995) Estimating turnover, movements and capture parameters of resting passerines in standardized capture-recapture studies. J Appl Stat 22:1039–1047
Kaiser A (1999) Stopover strategies in birds: a review of methods for estimating stopover length. Bird Study 46(Suppl):S299–S308
Kokko H (1999) Competition for early arrival in migratory birds. J Anim Ecol 68:940–950
Ktitorov P, Bairlein F, Dubinin M (2008) The importance of landscape context for songbirds on migration: body mass gain is related to habitat cover. Landsc Ecol 23:169–179
Lajda M (2001) Telemetrische Untersuchung zum Rastverhalten des Rotkehlchens (Erithacus rubecula) in Südwestdeutschland während des Herbstzuges. Diplomarbeit, Universität Zürich
Lavée D, Safriel UN, Meilijson I (1991) For how long do trans-Saharan migrants stop over at an oasis? Ornis Scand 22:33–44
Lebreton J-D (2001) The use of bird rings in the study of survival. Ardea 89:85–100
Lebreton J-D, Burnham KP, Clobert J, Anderson DR (1992) Modeling survival and testing biological hypotheses using marked animals: a unified approach with case studies. Ecol Monogr 62:67–118
Lindström Å (2003) Fuel deposition rates in migrating birds: causes, constraints and consequences. In: Berthold P, Gwinner E, Sonnenschein E (eds) Avian migration. Springer, Heidelberg
Lindström Å, Alerstam T (1992) Optimal fat loads in migrating birds: a test of the time-minimization hypothesis. Am Nat 140:477–491
Mills AM, Thurber BJ, Mackenzie SA, Taylor PD (2011) Passerines use nocturnal flight for landscape-scale movements during migratory stopover. Condor 113:597–607
Moore FR, Aborn DA (1996) Time of departure by summer tanagers (Piranga rubra) from a stopover site following spring trans-Gulf migration. Auk 113:949–952
Morris SR, Liebner DA, Larracuente AM, Escamilla EM, Sheets HD (2005a) Multiple-day constancy as an alternative to pooling for estimating mark-recapture stopover length in Nearctic-Neotropical migrant landbirds. Auk 122:319–328
Morris SR, Turner EM, Liebner DA, Larracuente AM, Sheets HD (2005b) Problems associated with pooling mark-recapture data prior to estimating stopover length for migratory passerines. In: Ralph CJ, Rich TD (eds) Bird conservation implementation and integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the 3rd International Partners in Flight conference 2002, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-191, Albany
Mukhin A (2004) Night movements of young reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) in summer: is it postfledging dispersal? Auk 121:203–209
Mukhin A, Chernetsov N, Kishkinev D (2008) Acoustic information as a distant cue for habitat recognition by nocturnally migrating passerines during landfall. Behav Ecol 19:716–723
Mukhin A, Kosarev V, Ktitorov P (2005) Nocturnal life of young songbirds well before migration. Proc R Soc B 272:1535–1539
Ottosson U, Waldenström J, Hjort C, McGregor R (2005) Garden Warbler Sylvia borin migration in sub-Saharan West Africa: phenology and body mass changes. Ibis 147:150–157
Panov IN, Chernetsov NS (2010) Migratsionnaya strategiya varakushki (Luscinia svecica) v Vostochnoy Fennoskandii. Soobschenie 1: Osnovnye parametry migratsionnykh ostanovok (Migratory strategy of bluethroats, Luscinia svecica, in Eastern Fennoscandia. Part 1: Main stopover parameters). Proc Zool Inst 314:93–104
Paradis E, Baillie SR, Sutherland WJ, Gregory RD (1998) Patterns of natal and breeding dispersal in birds. J Anim Ecol 67:518–536
Pradel R (1996) Utilization of capture–mark–recapture for the study of recruitment and population growth rate. Biometrics 52:703–709
Pradel R, Hines JE, Lebreton J-D, Nichols JD (1997) Capture-recapture survival models taking account of transients. Biometrics 53:60–72
Pradel R, Schaub M, Jenni L, Lebreton J-D (2005) Migrating birds stop over longer than usually thought: reply. Ecology 86:3418–3419
Rappole JH, Warner DW (1976) Relationships between behavior, physiology and weather in avian transients at a migration stopover site. Oecologia 26:193–212
Rguibi-Idrissi H, Julliard R, Bairlein F (2003) Variation in the stopover duration of reed warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus in Morocco: effects of season, age and site. Ibis 145:650–656
Salewski V, Schaub M (2007) Stopover duration of Palearctic passerine migrants in the western Sahara—independent of fat stores? Ibis 149:223–236
Salewski V, Thoma M, Schaub M (2007) Stopover of migrating birds: simultaneous analysis of different marking methods enhances the power of capture-recapture analysis. J Ornithol 148:29–37
Schaub M, Jenni L (2000) Body-mass of six long-distance migrant passerine species along the autumn migration route. J Ornithol 141:441–460
Schaub M, Jenni L (2001a) Stopover durations of three warbler species along their autumn migration route. Oecologia 128:217–227
Schaub M, Jenni L (2001b) Variation of fuelling rates among sites, days and individuals in migrating passerine birds. Funct Ecol 15:584–594
Schaub M, Pradel R, Jenni L, Lebreton J-D (2001) Migrating birds stop over longer than usually thought: an improved capture-recapture analysis. Ecology 82:852–859
Schmaljohann H, Becker PJJ, Karaardic H, Liechti F, Neaf-Daenzer B, Grande C (2011) Nocturnal exploratory flights, departure time, and direction in a migratory songbird. J Ornithol 152:439–452
Seber GAF (1982) The estimation of animal abundance and related parameters, 2nd edn. Macmillan, NY
Seewagen CL, Slayton EJ, Guglielmo CG (2010) Passerine migrant stopover duration and spatial behaviour at an urban stopover site. Acta Oecol 36:484–492
Titov N (1999a) Individual home ranges of Robins Erithacus rubecula at stopovers during autumn migration. Vogelwelt 120:237–242
Titov N (1999b) Home ranges in two passerine nocturnal migrants at a stopover site in autumn. Avian Ecol Behav 3:69–78
Titov NV, Chernetsov NS (1999) Stokhasticheskie modeli kak novy metod otsenki prodolzhitelnosti migratsionnykh ostanovok ptits (Stochastic models as a new method for estimating length of migratory stopovers in birds). Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 119:396–403
Tsvey A, Bulyuk VN, Kosarev V (2007) Influence of energy condition and weather on departures of first-year European robins, Erithacus rubecula, from an autumn migratory stopover site. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 61:1665–1674
Verkuil YI, Wijmenga JJ, Hooijmeijer JCEW, Piersma T (2010) Spring migration of Ruffs Philomachus pugnax in Fryslân: estimates of staging duration using resighting data. Ardea 98:21–33
Vysotsky VG (1998) Prostoy sposob rasscheta istinnoy sredney prodolzhitelnosti ostanovki u migriruyuschikh ptits (A simple method of estimating the true mean stopover duration in migrating birds). Russ J Ornithol 52:3–19
Wang Y, Moore FR (1993) Relation between migratory activity and energetic condition among thrushes (Turdinae) following passage across the Gulf of Mexico. Condor 95:934–943
Wang Y, Moore FR (1997) Spring stopover on intercontinental migratory thrushes along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Auk 114:263–278
Williams BK, Nichols JD, Conroy MJ (2002) Analysis and management of animal populations. Academic Press, San Diego
Yosef R, Wineman A (2010) Differential stopover of blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) by sex and age at Eilat, Israel. Naturwissenschaften 74:360–367
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chernetsov, N. (2012). Stopover Duration. In: Passerine Migration. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29020-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29020-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-29019-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-29020-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)