Abstract
China’s new consumers may well become a new long-term source of global aggregate demand if the country succeeds in boosting domestic consumption as a share of GDP, an objective of its 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015). This paper investigates recent trends in aggregate private consumption in China. We quantify the importance of Chinas high-income class in the medium term using a simple method that provides a ball-park estimate of the size of this new class of consumers. Its rapid growth will have a global impact, since it will help to boost Chinese imports of some consumer goods, including affordable luxury goods. We also explore income disparities among Chinese provinces and between urban and rural areas and look more closely at characteristics of Chinese consumers that are most helpful in predicting their future spending decisions, especially in the medium term: age structure, gender, and use of digital technologies. Our main findings are: the high-income class will approximately double in size in the next decade, especially in the coastal provinces and urban areas that already present higher average incomes and offer better growth opportunities. Consumption patterns will be driven by young people increasingly accustomed to using the internet and computers. Women, who are increasingly accessing upper-tier positions in the Chinese job market, will exercise growing purchasing power.
Paper presented at the Workshop “The Chinese Economy”, Venice, Italy, 25–27 November 2010. The authors are grateful to Pasquale Capretta, Claudio Colacurcio, Luca Paolazzi and Fabrizio Traù for helpful suggestions and especially thankful to Francesca Mazzolari for valuable comments and advice.
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Notes
- 1.
Other important targets of the Plan are: holding inflation at or below 4%; increasing R&D spending to 2.2% of GDP, and reducing energy use and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 16% and 17% respectively.
- 2.
From here on all monetary figures are in 2005 PPP US dollars unless otherwise specified.
- 3.
We use purchasing power parity because we want to look at China in the global context. Importantly, prices of non-tradable goods in China are very low and this frees resources for the purchase of tradable goods.
- 4.
The Gini index for income distribution measures the degree of inequality of income among individuals within a given society. It ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 represents perfect equality (each individual receives the same income) and 1 maximum inequality (one member gets all the national income and the rest get nothing).
- 5.
- 6.
Since marginal propensity to consume is decreasing in income, the high-income share of consumption may be lower than the national average. As such, taking this assumption alone, we may be overestimating private high-income-class consumption.
- 7.
The nominal and real PPP shares of private consumption on GDP do not coincide because the GDP and private consumption deflators are different.
- 8.
“Affordable luxury” means medium- and high-quality apparel and accessories, food and beverages, footwear and furniture. A detailed definition is given in Confindustria et al. (2010).
- 9.
The “new markets” considered by Confindustria et al. (2010, 2011) include 30 selected emerging markets: Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovak Republic, Turkey, Tunisia, Thailand, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam.
- 10.
Persons who hold more than RMB 10 million.
- 11.
For further details, see Hausmann et al. (2011).
- 12.
We follow the definition of the China Internet Network Information Center (a CNNIC 2010): “Net citizen” is a Chinese citizen older than 5 who has used the internet in the first half year. All data and definitions on internet use and computerization, if not otherwise specified, are from CNNIC’s Statistical Report on Internet development in China, January 2010, July 2010 and January 2011.
- 13.
We follow the definition of Internet World Stats: the “internet penetration rate” is the percentage of the total population of a given country or region that uses the Internet.
- 14.
Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Tianjin, Fujian, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Xinjiang, Shanxi, Shandong, Hainan and Chongqing.
- 15.
Shaanxi, Qinghai, Hubei, Jilin, Hebei, Neimenggu and Heilongjiang.
- 16.
Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet, Hunan, Henan, Guangxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Anhui, Yunnan, Jiangxi, and Guizhou. In these provinces the number of net citizens grew at a faster pace. Tibet, Guizhou, Shaanxi and Anhui are ranked at the top by annual increase, with growth rates of 52.7%, 31.1%, 30.2% and 30.2% in 2010.
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Gambini, A., Marianera, M. (2012). Trends in Private Consumption in China: The Emergence of the Chinese High-Income Class and Its Global Relevance. In: Gomel, G., Marconi, D., Musu, I., Quintieri, B. (eds) The Chinese Economy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28638-4_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28638-4_11
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