Abstract
A 10-year-old patient with a headache for a week, without any other signs or symptoms.
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Further Reading
Case 1: Acute Cerebellitis
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Cijhlich-Ratmann C, Wallot M, Baethmann M, Scharper J, Roggendorf M, Roll C (1998) Acute cerebellitis with near-fatal cerebellar swelling and benign outcome under conservative treatment with high dose steroids. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2:157–162
Hayakawa H, Katoh T (1995) Severe cerebellar atrophy following acute cerebellitis. Pediatr Neurol 12:159–161
Kamate M, Chetal V, Hattiholi V (2009) Fulminant cerebellitis: a fatal, clinically isolated syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 41:220–222
Komatsu H, Kuroki S, Shimizu Y, Takada H, Takeuchi Y (1998) Mycoplasma pneumoniae meningoencephalitis and cerebellitis with antiganglioside antibodies. Pediatr Neurol 18:160–164
Martínez-León M, Díaz-Martí T, Ros B, López-Ruiz P (2005) Pediatric hemicerebellitis: a case report. Radiologia 47(5):283–286
Montenegro MA, Santos S, Li LM, Cendes F (2002) Neuroimaging of acute cerebellitis. J Neuroimaging 12:72–74
Shkalim V, Amir J, Kornreich L, Scheuerman O, Straussberg R (2009) Acute cerebellitis presenting as tonsillar herniation and hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurol 41:200–203
Xu F, Ren SQ, Liu JY (2008) Acute cerebellitis in identical twins. Pediatr Neurol 39:432–434
Case 2: Traumatic Head Injury
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Stock A (2011) Pediatric head trauma. Medscape reference. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1137207-overview. Updated: 1 Nov 2011
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Bernardi B, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1993) Neuroradiologic evaluation of pediatric craniocerebral trauma. Top Magn Reson Imaging 5(3):161–173
Cakmakci H (2009) Essentials of trauma: head and spine. Pediatr Radiol 39:S391–S405
Hymel KP, Hall CA (2005) Diagnosing pediatric head trauma. Pediatr Ann 34:358–370
Parkin PC, Maguire JL (2009) Clinically important head injuries after head trauma in children. Lancet 374:1127–1129
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Savitsky EA, Votey SR (2000) Current controversies in the management of minor pediatric head injuries. Am J Emerg Med 18:96–101
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Case 3: Pediatric Ischemic Stroke
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Ganesan V, Chong K et al (2004) Stroke in childhood. Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis, management and rehabilitation. Paediatric Stroke Working Group, Royal College of Physicians. IBSN 1 86016 236 3
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Ganesan V, Prengler M, Mc Shane M, Wade A, Kirkham FJ, Chri B (2003) Investigation of risk factors in children with arterial ischaemic stroke. Ann Neurol 53:167–173
Lanni G, Catalucci A, Conti L, Di Sibio A, Paonessa A, Gallucci M (2011) Pediatric stroke: clinical findings and radiological approach. Stroke Res Treat 2011:172168, Epub 2011 Apr 19
Mackay MT, Wiznitzer M, Benedict SL, Lee KJ, Deveber GA, Ganesan V, International Pediatric Stroke Study Group (2011) Arterial ischemic stroke risk factors: the International Pediatric Stroke Study. Ann Neurol 69:130–140
Martínez-Martínez M, Cazorla-García R, Rodríguez de Antonio LA, Martínez-Sánchez P, Fuentes B, Diez-Tejedor E (2010) Estados de hipercoagulabilidad e ictus isquémico en pacientes jóvenes. Neurologia 25:343–348
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Sébire G, Fullerton H, Riou E, DeVeber G (2004) Toward the definition of cerebral arteriopathies of childhood. Curr Opin Pediatr 16:617–622
Sträter R, Becker S, von Eckardstein A, Heinecke A, Gutsche S, Junker R et al (2002) Prospective assessment of risk factors for recurrent stroke during childhood – a 5-year follow-up study. Lancet 360:1540–1545
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Case 4: Non-neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)
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Barkovich AJ (2000) Brain pediatric neuroimaging, 4th edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia
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Beltz EE, Mullins ME (2010) Radiological reasoning: hyperintensity of the basal ganglia and cortex on FLAIR and diffusion-weighted imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195:S1–S8
Biagas K (1999) Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: advancements in understanding of mechanisms and potential avenues for therapy. Curr Opin Pediatr 11:223–228
Christophe C, Fonteyne C, Ziereisen F, Christiaens F, Deltenre P, De Maertelaer V et al (2002) Value of MR imaging of the brain in children with hypoxic coma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23:716–723
Dubowitz DJ, Bluml S, Arcinue E, Dietrich RB (1998) MR of hypoxic encephalopathy in children after near drowning: correlation with quantitative proton MR spectroscopy and clinical outcome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19:1617–1627
Gutierrez LG, Rovira A, Portela LA, Leite Cda C, Lucato LT (2010) CT and MR in non-neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: radiological findings with pathophysiological correlations. Neuroradiology 52:949–976
Huang BY, Castillo M (2008) Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: imaging findings from birth to adulthood. Radiographics 28:417–439
McKinney AM, Teksam M, Felice R, Casey SO, Cranford R, Truwit CL et al (2004) Diffusion-weighted imaging in the setting of diffuse cortical laminar necrosis and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:1659–1665
Topcuoglu MA, Oguz KK, Buyukserbetci G, Bulut E (2009) Prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in post-resuscitation encephalopathy. Intern Med 48:1635–1645
Case 5: Orbital Cellulitis
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Ric Harnsberger H (1995) Handbook of head and neck imaging, 2nd edn. Mosby, St. Louis
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Capps EF, Kinsella JJ, Gupta M, Bhatki AM, Opatowsky MJ (2010) Emergency imaging assessment of acute, nontraumatic conditions of the head and neck. Radiographics 30:1335–1352
Chung EM, Smirniotopoulos JG, Specht CS, Schoroeder JW, Cube R (2007) Pediatric orbit tumors and tumorlike lesions:nonosseous lesions of the extraocular orbit. From the archives of the AFIP. Radiographics 27:1777–1799
Curtin HD, Rabinov JD (1998) Extension to the orbit from paraorbital disease. The sinuses. Radiol Clin North Am 36:1201–1213
Hopper KD, Sherman JL, Boal DK, Eggli KD (1992) CT and MR imaging of the pediatric orbit. Radiographics 12:485–503
Khanna G, Sato Y, Smith RJ, Baumen NM, Nerad J (2006) Causes of facial swelling in pediatric patients: correlation of clinical and radiological findings. Radiographics 26:157–171
LeBedis CA, Sakai O (2008) Nontraumatic orbital conditions: diagnosis with CT and MR imaging in the emergent setting. Radiographics 28:1741–1753
Lee S, Yen MT (2011) Management of preseptal and orbit cellulitis. Saudi J Ophthalmol 25:21–29
Ludwig BJ, Foster BR, Saito N, Nadgir RN, Castro-Aragón I, Sakai O (2010) Diagnostic imaging in nontraumatic pediatric head and neck emergencies. Radiographics 30:781–799
Towbin R, Han BK, Kaufman RA, Burke M (1986) Postseptal cellulitis: CT in diagnosis and management. Radiology 158:735–737
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Case 6: Retropharyngeal Infections in Children
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Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG (eds) (2008) Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases, 3rd edn. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 213–221
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Bakshi RB, Grover GG (2009) Retroharyngeal with mediastinal extension in an infant-still existing? Pediatr Emerg Care 25:181–183
Craig FW, Schunk JE (2003) Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and management. Pediatrics 6:1394–1398
Croche Santander B, Prieto del Prado A, Madrid Castillo O, Obando Santaella I (2011) Abscesos retrofaringeo y parafaríngeo: experiencia en un hospital terciario de Sevilla durante la última década. An Pediatr 75:266–272
Courtney MJ, Mahadevan M, Miteff A (2007) Management of paediatric retropharyngeal infection: non surgical versus surgical. ANZ J Surg 77:985
Daya H, Lo S, Papsin BC (2005) Retropharyngeal and parapharingeal infections in children: the Toronto experience. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 69:81–86
Grisaru-Soen G, Komisar O, Aizenstein O, Soudack M, Schartz D (2010) Retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscess in children – epidemiology, clinical features and treatment. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 74:1016–1020
Hon KL, Chu WC, Sung JKK (2010) Retropharyngeal abscess in a young child due to ingestion of eel vertebrae. Pediatr Emerg Care 26:439–441
Marín Campagne E, del Castillo Martín F, Martínez López MM, BorquedeAndrés C, José de Gómez M, García de Miguel MJ, Baquero Artigao F (2006) Abscesos periamigdalino y retrofaringeo: estudio de 13 años. An Pediatr 65:32–36
Morrison JE Jr, Pashley NR (1998) Retropharyngeal abscesses in children: a 10-year review. Pediatr Emerg Care 4:9
Propst EJ, Prager JD, Shott SR, Koch B, Mortensen JE, Greinwald JH (2011) Resolution of hypoglossal nerve palsy associated with retropharyngeal abscess prompt medical and surgical treatment. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 6:74–77
Case 7: Acute Bacterial Sinusitis
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Cherry JD, Shapiro NL (2009) Sinusitis. In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL (eds) Feign and Cherry’s textbook of pediatric infectious diseases, 6th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 20116
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http://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-bacterial-sinusitis-in-children
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American Academy of Pediatrics (2001) Subcommittee on management of sinusitis and committee on quality improvement. Clinical practice guideline: management of sinusitis. Pediatrics 108:798–808
Arruda LK, Mimica IM, Solé D et al (1990) Abnormal maxillary sinus radiographs in children: do they represent bacterial infection? Pediatrics 85:553–558
Diament MJ (1992) The diagnosis of sinusitis in infants and children: x-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Diagnostic imaging of pediatric sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 90:442–444
Goytia VK, Giannoni CM, Edwards MS (2011) Intraorbital and intracranial extension of sinusitis: comparative morbidity. J Pediatr 158:486–491
Lindbaek M, Hjortdahl P, Johnsen UL (1996) Use of symptoms, signs, and blood tests to diagnose acute sinus infections in primary care: comparison with computed tomography. Fam Med 28:183–188
Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL, Hadley JA et al (2004) Rhinosinusitis: establishing definitions for clinical research and patient care. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:155–212
Revai K, Dobbs LA, Nair S et al (2007) Incidence of acute otitis media and sinusitis complicating upper respiratory tract infection: the effect of age. Pediatrics 119:e1408–e1412
Slavin RG, Spector SL, Bernstein IL et al (2005) The diagnosis and management of sinusitis: a practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:S13–S47
Wald ER (1998) Sinusitis. Pediatr Ann 27:811–818
Wolf G, Anderhuber W, Kuhn F (1993) Development of the paranasal sinuses in children: implications for paranasal sinus surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 102:705–711
Case 8: Palm Tree Thorn Foreign Body Injury at the Knee
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Siegel MJ, Coley BD (2006) Pediatric imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
Web Link
http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/PALM.html
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Baneee B, Das RK (1991) Sonographic detection of foreign bodies of the extremities. Br J Radiol 64:107–112
Clarke JD, McCeffrey DD (2007) Thorn injury mimicking a septic arthritis of the knee. Ulster Med J 76:164–165
Cozen L, Fonda M (1953) Palm thorn injuries. Difficulty in diagnosis of late sequelae. Calif Med 79:40–41
Gerle RD (1971) Thorn induced pseudo-tumors of bone. Br J Radiol 44:642–645
Karshner RG, Hanafee W (1953) Palm thorns as a cause of joint effusion in children. Radiology 60:592–595
Klein B, McGahan JP (1985) Thorn synovitis CT diagnosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 6:1135–1136
Kratz A, Greenberg D, Barki Y, Cohen E, Lifshitz M (2003) Pantoea agglomerans as a cause of septic arthritis after palm tree thorn injury; a case report and literature review. Arch Dis Child 88:542–544
Pai VS, Tan E, Matheson JA (2004) Box thorn embedded in the cartilaginous distal femur. Injury Extra 35:45–47
Southgate GW, Murray RO (1982) Thorn-induced synovitis. Skeletal Radiol 8:79–80
Vega Curiel A, Villaverde Romon M, Carrillo Lucia F, RuizdelPortal B, Carranza M, Bencano A (2001) Injuries from palm tree thorn simulating tumoral or pseudotumoral bone lesions. Acta Orthop Belg 67:279–282
Case 9: Ovarian Torsion
Book
Siegel M (2004) Pediatric sonography, 2nd edn. Marban, Madrid, pp 551–554
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Articles
Anders J, Powell E (2005) Urgency of evaluation and outcome of acute ovarian torsion in pediatric patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159:532–535
Chang H, Bhatt S, Dogra V (2008) Pearls and pitfalls in diagnosis of ovarian torsion. Radiographics 28:1355–1368
Garel L, Dubois J, Grignon A, Filiatrault D, Van Vliet G (2001) US of the pediatric female pelvis: a clinical perspective. Radiographics 21:1393–1407
Linam LE, Darolia R, Naffaa LN, Breech LL, O’Hara SM, Hillard PJ et al (2007) US findings of adenxal torsion in children and adolescents: size really does matter. Pediatr Radiol 37:1013–1019
Meyer JS, Harmon CM, Harty MP, Markowitz RI, Hubbard AM, Bellah RD (1995) Ovarian torsion: clinical and imaging presentation in children. J Pediatr Surg 30:1433–1436
Oelsner G, Shashar D (2006) Adnexal torsion. Clin Obstet Gynecol 49:459–463
Rody A, Jackish C, Klockenbush W (2002) The conservative management of adnexal torsion: a case report and review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 101:83–86
Servaes S, Zurakowski D, Laufer M, Feins N, Chow J (2007) Sonographic findings of ovarian torsion in children. Pediatr Radiol 37:446–451
Siegel M, Stark J (1994) Ovarian torsion in prepubertal and pubertal girls: sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 163:1479–1482
Sung T, Callahan M, Taylor G (2006) Clinical and imaging mimickers of acute appendicitis in the pediatric population. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186:67–74
Case 10: The Limping Child: A Systematic Approach to Diagnosis
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Fleisher Gary R, Stephen Ludwig et al (2010) Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health, Philadelphia. ISBN 9781605471594 1605471593
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Abbassian A (2007) The limping child: a clinical approach to diagnosis. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 68:246–250
Barkin RM, Barkin SZ, Barkin AZ (2000) The limping child. J Emerg Med 18:331–339
Dabney KW, Lipton G (1995) Evaluation of limp in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 7:88–94
Fabry G (2010) Clinical practice: the hip from birth to adolescence. Eur J Pediatr 169:143–148
Leet AI, Skaggs DL (2000) Evaluation of the acutely limping child. Am Fam Physician 61:1011–1018
Leung AK, Lemay JF (2004) The limping child. J Pediatr Health Care 18:219–223
MacEwen GD, Dehne R (1991) The limping child. Pediatr Rev 12:268–274
Sawyer JR, Kapoor M (2009) The limping child: a systematic approach to diagnosis. Am Fam Physician 79:215–224
Swischuk LE (2007) The limping infant: imaging and clinical evaluation of trauma. Emerg Radiol 14:219–226
Taekema HC, Landham PR, Maconochie I (2009) Towards evidence based medicine for paediatricians. Distinguishing between transient synovitis and septic arthritis in the limping child: how useful are clinical prediction tools? Arch Dis Child 94:167–168
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Martínez-León, M.I. (2012). Emergency Imaging. In: Martínez-León, M., Martínez-Valverde, A., Ceres-Ruiz, L. (eds) Imaging for Pediatricians. Imaging for Clinicians, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28629-2_8
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