Abstract
A 11-year-old girl with knee pain and snapping on extension and internal rotation of the knee.
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Case 1: Discoid Lateral Meniscus with Tear
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Ryu KN, Kim IS, Kim EJ et al (1998) MR imaging of tears of discoid lateral menisci. Am J Roentgenol 171:963–967
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Case 2: Glenohumeral Dysplasia Following Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy
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Hogendoorn S, van Overvest KL, Watt I, Duijsens AH, Nelissen RG (2010) Structural changes in muscle and glenohumeral joint deformity in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 92:935–942
Kozin SH (2004) Correlation between external rotation of the glenohumeral joint and deformity after brachial plexus birth palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 24:189–193
Kozin SH, Chafetz RS, Shaffer A, Soldado F, Filipone L (2010) Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical findings before and after tendon transfers about the shoulder in children with residual brachial plexus birth palsy: a 3-year follow-up study. J Pediatr Orthop 30:154–160
Pearl ML (2009) Shoulder problems in children with brachial plexus birth palsy: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 17:242–254
Pearl ML, Edgerton BW (1998) Glenoid deformity secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 80:659–667
Pöyhiä TH, Nietosvaara YA, Remes VM, Kirjavainen MO, Peltonen JI, Lamminen AE (2005) MRI of rotator cuff muscle atrophy in relation to glenohumeral joint incongruence in brachial plexus birth injury. Pediatr Radiol 35:402–409
Pöyhiä TH, Lamminen AE, Peltonen JI, Kirjavainen MO, Willamo PJ, Nietosvaara Y (2010) Brachial plexus birth injury: US screening for glenohumeral joint instability. Radiology 254:253–260
Soldado F, Kozin SH (2005) The relationship between the coracoid and glenoid after brachial plexus birth palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 25:666–670
Van Gelein Vitringa VM, van Kooten EO, Mullender MG, van Doorn-Loogman MH, van der Sluijs JA (2009) An MRI study on the relations between muscle atrophy, shoulder function and glenohumeral deformity in shoulders of children with obstetric brachial plexus injury. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj 4:5
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Case 3: Transient Lateral Patellar Dislocation
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Kan JH, Kleinman PK (2007) Case 1. Acute lateral patellar dislocation. Pediatric and adolescent musculoskeletal MRI – a case based approach, 1st edn. Springer Science + Business Media LLC, New York, pp 1–6
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Balcarek P et al (2011) Patellar dislocations in children, adolescents and adults: a comparative MRI study of medial patellofemoral ligament injury patterns and trochlear groove anatomy. Eur J Radiol 79:415–420. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.06.042
Buncher M, Baudendistel B, Sabo D et al (2005) Acute traumatic primary patellar dislocation: long-term results comparing conservative and surgical treatment. Clin J Sport Med 15:62–66
Davis KW (2010) Imaging pediatric sports injuries: lower extremity. Radiol Clin North Am 48:1213–1235
Diederichs G, Issever AS, Scheffler S (2010) MR imaging of patellar instability: injury patterns and assessment of risk factors. Radiographics 30:961–981
Elias DA, White LM, Fithian DC (2002) Acute lateral patellar dislocation at MR imaging: injury patterns of medial patellar soft tissue restraints and osteochondral injuries of the inferomedial patella. Radiology 225:736–743
Kirsch MD, Fitzgerald SW, Friedman H, Rogers L (1993) Transient lateral patellar dislocation: diagnosis with MR imaging. Am J Radiol 161:109–113
Nomura E, Horiuchi Y, Inoue M (2002) Correlation of MR imaging findings and open exploration of medial patella femoral ligament injuries in acute patellar dislocations. Knee 9:139–143
Sanchez R, Strouse PJ (2009) The knee: MR imaging of uniquely pediatric disorders. Rad Clin North Am 47:1009–1028
Sanders TG, Paruchuri NB, Zlatkin MB (2006) MRI of osteochondral defects of the lateral femoral condyle: incidence and pattern of injury after transient lateral dislocation of the patella. Am J Roentgenol 187(5):1332–1337
Case 4: Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee
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Lane Donnelly (2005) Osteochondritis dissecans. Diagnostic imaging: pediatrics. 1st ed. Elsevier-Masson, Estados Unidos, p 6/166-6/169
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http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/osteochondritis-dissecans/DS00741
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Chambers HG, Shea KG, Carey JL (2011) AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline: diagnosis and treatment of osteochondritis dissecans. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 19:307–309
Flynn JM, Kocher MS, Ganley TJ (2004) Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. J Pediatr Orthop 24:434–443
Gold GE, McCauley TR, Gray ML, Disler DG (2003) Special focus session: what’s new in cartilage? RadioGraphics 23:1227–1242
Kijowski R, Blankerbaker DG, Shinki K et al (2008) Juvenile versus adult osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: appropriate MR imaging criteria for instability. Radiology 248:571–578
Kocher MS, Tucker R, Ganley TJ, Flynn JM (2006) Management of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: current concepts review. Am J Sports Med 34:1181–1191
O’Connor MA, Palaniappan M, Khan N, Bruce CE (2002) Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in children: a comparison of MRI and arthroscopic findings. J Bone Joint Surg Br 84:258–262
Pill SG, Ganley TJ, Milam RA, Lou JE, Meyer JS, Flynn JM (2003) Role of magnetic resonance imaging and clinical criteria in predicting successful nonoperative treatment of osteochondritis dissecans in children. J Pediatr Orthop 23:102–108
Robertson W, Kelly BT, Green DW (2003) Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 15:38–44
Case 5: Hemophilic Arthropaty and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Roberts HR (2007) Haemophilia and haemostasis: a case-based approach to management, 1st edn. Blackwell, Malden
Web Link
Haemophilia. The official journal of the world federation of haemophilia. http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1351-8216
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Dardzinski BJ, Schmithorst VJ, Klosterman L, Graham TB (2002) Mapping T2 relaxation time in the pediatric knee: feasibility with a clinical 1.5-T MR imaging system. Radiology 225:233–239
Doria AS (2010) State-of-the-art imaging techniques for the evaluation of haemophilic arthropathy: present and future. Haemophilia 16(Suppl 5):107–114
Doria AS, Babyn PS, Lundin B, Kilcoyne RF, Miller S, Rivard GE et al (2006) Reliability and construct validity of the compatible MRI scoring system for evaluation of haemophilic knees and ankles of haemophilic children. Expert MRI working group of the international prophylaxis study group. Haemophilia 12:503–513
Gold GE, McCauley TR, Gray ML, Disler DG (2003) Special focus session: what’s new in cartilage? RadioGraphics 23:1227–1242
Jelbert A, Vaidya S, Fotiadis N (2009) Imaging and staging of haemophilic arthropathy. Clin Radiol 64:1119–1128
Kerr R (2003) Imaging of musculoskeletal complications of hemophilia. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 7:127–136
Lundin B, Babyn P, Doria AS, Kilcoyne R, Ljung R, Millar S et al (2005) Compatible scales for progressive and additive MRI assessments of haemophilic arthropathy. Haemophilia 11:109–115
Martínez León MI (2009) El diagnóstico de la artropatía inicial en niños hemofílicos. Diagnóstico por imagen: RM. VI Jornadas de Hemostasia. Haematologica (Spanish Ed) 94(suppl 2):21–23
Querol Fuentes F, Aparisi Rodríguez F (2007) Unificación de criterios de valoración de la resonancia magnética en hemofilia. Haematologica (Spanish Ed) 92:31–41
Soler R, López Fernández F, Rodríguez E, Marino M (2002) Hemophilic arthropathy. A scoring system for magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 12:836–843
Case 6: Osteomyelitis
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Stoller DW et al (2004b) Osteomyelitis, elbow. Diagnostic imaging orthopaedics, 1st edn. Amirsys Inc, Salt Lake City, pp 2.98–2.101
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Averill LW, Hernandez A, Gonzalez L, Peña AH, Jaramillo D (2009) Diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children: utility of fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced MRI. Am J Roetgenol 192:1232–1238
Browne LP, Mason EO, Kaplan SL, Cassady CI, Krishnamurthy R, Guillerman RP (2008) Optimal imaging strategy for community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infections in children. Pediatr Radiol 38:841–847
Harik NS, Smeltzer MS (2010) Management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 8:175–181
Jaramillo D (2011) Infection: musculoskeletal. Pediatr Radiol 41:S127–S134
Jennin F, Bousson V, Parlier C, Jomaah N, Khanine V, Laredo JD (2011) Bony sequestrum: a radiologic review. Skeletal Radiol 40:963–975
Johson DP, Hernanz-Schulman M, Martus JE, Lovejoy SA, Yu C, Kan JH (2011) Significance of epiphyseal cartilage enhancement defects in pediatric osteomyelitis identified by MRI with surgical correlation. Pediatr Radiol 41:355–361
Kao FC, Lee ZL, Kao HC, Hung SS, Huang YC (2003) Acute primary hematogenous osteomyelitis of the epiphysis: report of two cases. Chang Gung Med J 26:851–856
McGuinness B, Wilson N, Doyle AJ (2007) The “penumbra sign” on T1-weighted MRI for differentiating musculoskeletal infection from tumour. Skeletal Radiol 36:417–421
Offiah AC (2006) Acute osteomyelitis, septic arthritis and discitis: differences between neonates and older children. Eur J Radiol 60:221–232
Pruthi S, Thapa MM (2009) Infectious and inflammatory disorders. Radiol Clin North Am 47:911–926
Case 7: Intramuscular Venous Malformation
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Weiss SW, Goldblum JR (2008a) Benign tumors and tumor-like lesions of blood vessels. In: Weiss SW, Goldblum JR (eds) Enzinger & Weiss’s soft tissue tumors. Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis, pp 633–679
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Dubois J, Alison M (2010) Vascular anomalies: what a radiologist needs to know. Pediatr Radiol 40:895–905
Fayad L, Hazirolan T, Bluemke D, Mitchell S (2006) Vascular malformations in the extremities: emphasis on MR imaging features that guide treatment options. Skeletal Radiol 35:127–137
Fishman SJ, Mulliken JB (1993) Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of infancy and childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am 40:1177–1200
Hein KD, Mulliken JB, Kozakewich HPW, Upton J, Burrows PE (2002) Venous malformations of skeletal muscle. Plast Reconstr Surg 110:1625–1635
Hyodoh H, Hori M, Akiba H, Tamakawa M, Hyodoh K, Hareyama M (2005) Peripheral vascular malformations: imaging, treatment approaches, and therapeutic issues. Radiographics 25:159–171
Paltiel HJ, Burrows PE, Kozakewich HP, Zurakowski D, Mulliken JB (2000) Soft-tissue vascular anomalies: utility of US for diagnosis. Radiology 214:747–754
Rivas S, López-Gutiérrez JC, Díaz M, Andrés AM, Ros Z (2006) Malformaciones venosas. Importancia de su diagnóstico y su tratamiento en la infancia. Cir Pediatr 19:77–80
Steven M, Kumaran N, Carachi R, Desai A, Bennet G (2007) Haemangiomas and vascular malformations of the limb in children. Pediatr Surg Int 23:565–569
Theruvil B, Kapoor V, Thalava R, Nag HL, Kotwal PP (2004) Vascular malformations in muscles around the knee presenting as knee pain. Knee 11:155–158
Trop I, Dubois J, Guibaud L et al (1999) Soft-tissue venous malformations in pediatric and young adult patients: diagnosis with Doppler US. Radiology 212:841–845
Case 8: Infantile Fibrosarcoma (IFS)
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Okcu M, Pappo A, Hicks J, Million L, Anddrassy R, Spunt S (2011) The nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas. In: Pizzo P, Poplack D (eds) Principles and practice of pediatric oncology, 6th edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 954–986
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Alymlahi E, Dafiri R (2004) Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma: imaging features and differential diagnoses. Eur J Radiol 51:37–42
Canale A, Vanel DS, Couanet D, Patte C, Caramella C, Dromain C (2009) Infantile fibrosarcoma: magnetic resonance imaging findings in six cases. Eur J Radiol 72:30–37
Demir HA, Akyüz C, Varan A, Ergen FB, Büyükpamukçu M (2010) Right foot congenital infantile fibrosarcoma treated only with chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 54:618–620
Fink AM, Stringer DA, Cairns RA, Nadel HR, Magee JF (1995) Pediatric case of the day. Congenital fibrosarcoma (CFS). Radiographics 15:243–246
Kurkubasche AG, Halvorson EG, Forman EN, Terek RM, Ferguson WS (2000) The role of preoperative chemotherapy in the treatment of infantile fibrosarcoma. J Pediatr Surg 35:880–883
Laffan EE, Ngan B, Navarro OM (2009) Pediatric soft-tissue tumors and pseudotumors: MR imaging features with pathognomonic correlation. Part 2. Tumors of fibroblastic/myofibroblastic, so-called fibrohistiocytic, muscular, lymphomatous, neurogenic, hair matrix, and uncertain origin. Radiographics 29, e-36. http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/29/4/e36.full
Navarro OM, Laffman EE, Ngan B (2009) Pediatric soft-tissue tumors and pseudotumors: MR imaging features with pathognomonic correlation. Part1. Imaging approach, pseudotumors, vascular lesions, and adipocytic tumors. Radiographics 29:887–906
Orbach D, Rey A, Cecchetto G, Oberlin O, Casanova M, Thebaud E et al (2010) Infantile fibrosarcoma: management based on the European experience. J Clin Oncol 28:318–323
Sultan I, Casanova M, Al-Jumaily U, Meazza C, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Ferrari A (2010) Soft tissue sarcomas in the first year of life. Eur J Cancer 46:2449–2456
Wu JS, Hochman MG (2009) Soft-tissue tumors and tumorlike lesions: a systematic imaging approach. Radiology 253:297–316
Case 9: Chondroblastoma
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Greenspan A, Jundt G, Remagen W (2007) Cartilage (chondrogenic) lesions. In: Differential diagnosis in orthopedic oncology, 2nd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 199–207
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Emedicine. Chondroblastoma Imaging. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/388632-overview
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Azorín D, González-Mediero I, Colmenero I, De Prada I, López-Barea F (2006) Diaphyseal chondroblastoma in a long bone: first report. Skeletal Radiol 35:49–52
Blancas C, Llauger J, Palmer J, Valverde S (2008) Manifestaciones radiológicas del condroblastoma. Radiologia 50:416–423
Jee WH, Park YK, McCauley TR et al (1999) Chondroblastoma: MR characteristics with pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 23:721–726
Kaim AH, Hügli R, Bonél HM, Jundt G (2002) Chondroblastoma and clear cell chondrosarcoma: radiological and MRI characteristics with histopathological correlation. Skeletal Radiol 31:88–95
Kilpatrick SE, Parisien M, Bridge JA (2002) Chondroblastoma. In: Fletcher CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of soft tissue and bone. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 241–242
Maheshwari AV, Jelinek JS, Song AJ, Nelson KJ, Murphey MD, Henshaw RM (2011) Metaphyseal and diaphyseal chondroblastomas. Skeletal Radiol 40:1563–1573
Rybak LD, Rosenthal DI, Wittig JC (2009) Chondroblastoma: radiofrequency ablation–alternative to surgical resection in selected cases. Radiology 251:599–604
Suneja R, Grimer RJ, Belthur M, Jeys L, Carter SR, Tillman RM et al (2005) Chondroblastoma of bone long – term results and functional outcome after intralesional curettage. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87:974–978
Weatherall PT, Maale GE, Mendelsohn DB, Sherry CS, Erdman WE, Pascoe HR (1994) Chondroblastoma: classic and confusing appearance at MR imaging. Radiology 190:467–474
Wootton-Gorges SL (2009) MR imaging of primary bone tumors and tumor-like conditions in children. Radiol Clin North Am 47:957–975
Case 10: Extraskeletal Chondroma
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Weiss SW, Goldblum JR (2008b) Cartilagineous soft tissue tumors. In: Weiss LM, Goldblum JR (eds) Enzinger and Weiss’s soft tissue tumours, 5th edn. Mosby, St Louis, pp 1017–1023
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Bansal M, Goldman AB, DiCarlo EF, McCormack R (1993) Soft tissue chondromas: diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Skeletal Radiol 22:309–315
Chung EB, Enzinger FM (1978) Chondroma of soft parts. Cancer 41:1414–1424
Dahlin DC, Salvador AH (1974) Cartilaginous tumors of the soft tissues of the hands and feet. Mayo Clin Proc 49:721–726
Demir MK, Unlu E, Usta U (2008) A curious mass of the anterior compartment in the knee. Br J Radiol 82:435–437
González-Lois C, García-de-la-Torre P, SantosBriz-Terrón A, Vilá J, Manrique-Chico J, Martínez-Tello J (2001) Intracapsular and para-articular chondroma adjacent to large joints: report of three cases and review of the literature. Skeletal Radiol 30:672–676
Kransdorf MJ, Meis JM (1993) From the archives of the AFIP. Extraskeletal osseous and cartilaginous tumors of the extremities. Radiographics 13:853–884
Kudawara I, Ueda T, Araki N (2001) Extraskeletal chondroma around the knee. Clin Radiol 56:779–782
Liu ZJ, Zhao Q, Zhang LJ (2010) Extraskeletal osteochondroma near the hip: a pediatric case. J Pediatr Orthop B 19:524–528
Papagelopoulos PJ, Savvidou OD, Mavrogenis AF, Chloros GD, Papaparaskeva KT, Soucacos PN (2007) Extraskeletal chondroma of the foot. Joint Bone Spine 74:285–288
Sheff JS, Wang S (2005) Extraskeletal osteochondroma of the foot. J Foot Ankle Surg 44:57–59
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Pino, M.A.L. (2012). Musculoskeletal Imaging. In: Martínez-León, M., Martínez-Valverde, A., Ceres-Ruiz, L. (eds) Imaging for Pediatricians. Imaging for Clinicians, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28629-2_6
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