Abstract
The music industry did not originate with the invention of the phonograph and the record but with the beginning of mass distribution and the commercial use of music. We can thus speak of a music industry from the moment that music production and consumption severed ties with the context of the feudal court and church. Of course, we cannot determine an exact date, since we are talking about a developmental process characterized by a seamless transition from a feudal court culture to that of a bourgeois-capitalistic one.
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- 1.
The first publicly accessible opera house was the Teatro San Cassio in Venice, which opened in 1637. Violin virtuoso John Bannister gave the first public concert in London in 1672. In Paris, public concerts regularly took place from 1683, in Germany from 1743, and in Vienna from 1772.
- 2.
Heinrich Heine (Lutetia—Berichte über Politik, Kunst und Volksleben: Musikalische Saison 1843. Paris, den 20. März 1843).
- 3.
"Tin Pan Alley " became synonymous with those musicians who worked under contract with music publishers. According to legend, the term "Tin Pan Alley" was coined by a New York journalist who alluded to the tin-like sound of the ill-tuned pianos that could be heard playing in the music publishers' saloons.
- 4.
Abbé Lenoir first used the term "phonograph" in October 1877 in an article he wrote for the magazine La Semaine du Clergé.
- 5.
The Edison-phonograph was introduced to the publishers and editors of Scientific American in the magazine's rooms on December 7, 1877.
- 6.
The patent was listed with the number 200.521 at the U.S. patent office on February 19, 1878.
- 7.
Scientific American, November 17, 1877; cited in Read and Welch (1976, pp. 11–12).
- 8.
In addition to Edison, the first five shareholders of the Edison Speaking Company were Gardiner G. Hubbard, George L. Bradley, Charles A. Cheever, Hilbourne L. Roosevelt, and Uriah H. Painter. Hubbard was the father-in-law of the inventor of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell. Hubbard was also simultaneously active in the management of the Bell Telephone Co. and the New England Telephone Co.
- 9.
Emperor Napoleon III founded the Prize of the Academy of Sciences in honor of the French physician and researcher of electricity André Volta.
- 10.
Read and Welch (1976, p. 31) explain: "The only change which had been made was that instead of using tin foil, wax had been embedded in the grooves of the iron cylinder and into this way the voice vibrations had been incised, rather than indented".
- 11.
U.S. patent number 341.214.
- 12.
The "improved phonograph" was registered as patent number 386.974.
- 13.
An excerpt of an article written by Edison, published January 1891 in his newsletter "The Phonograph"; cited in Gelatt (1955, p. 45).
- 14.
Edward D. Easton, R. F. Cromlin, Andrew Devine, and James Clephane.
- 15.
In 1893, the Polyphon was developed in Germany, which was soon thereafter marketed in the U.S. In 1898, M and J Paillard introduced the Criterion, and in the same year the German Symphonion was introduced to the public. In France, the brothers Pathé founded a company that produced the Pathé-phonograph and the necessary cylinders. Until 1908, the peak moment of the music box industry, ever-new producers entered the market only to disappear as quickly as they appeared.
- 16.
Léon Scott's real name was Edouard Léon Scott de Martinsville, and he was a French hobby-scientist who experimented with sound recordings long before Edison.
- 17.
The registered patent number is 372.786.
- 18.
Shellac is a mixture of tree resin and wax secretions especially of a scale insect, which exists only in certain parts of India.
- 19.
For more about the history of the Gramophone , see Martland (1997).
- 20.
The earliest sound recording still in existence is of the British General-Governor of Canada, Lord Stanley, whose opening words, spoken at the industry fair in Toronto of September 1888, were recorded.
- 21.
The original wax cylinder is now completely unusable, but a copy exists that was made in 1930 and recently digitally reconstructed in the Phonogram Archive of the Austrian Academy of Science.
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© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Tschmuck, P. (2012). The Emergence of the Phonographic Industry Within the Music Industry. In: Creativity and Innovation in the Music Industry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28430-4_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28430-4_2
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