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The Extended Showers

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Celestial Messengers

Part of the book series: Astronomers' Universe ((ASTRONOM))

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Abstract

It was immediately understood that, because mesons are instable, they cannot be primary particles but should be produced in the interactions of primaries with the atmospheric nuclei. But which are the primaries? Millikan’s gamma photons? The electrons used by Stoermer in his calculations?

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Pions, strange particles, protons, and neutrons belong to the class of particles known as the hadrons, which are distinguished by their participation in the strong nuclear interactions. Hadrons are all composites of quarks and antiquarks.

  2. 2.

    One joule is approximately the energy of a tennis ball travelling at a speed of 85 km/h.

  3. 3.

    If they are very energetic, however, also gamma rays may produce mesons by photoproduction.

  4. 4.

    Kiloparsec = 1Kps = 3,260 light years = 3. 09 ×1019 m.

  5. 5.

    This time is of the order of 2 ×1010 years.

  6. 6.

    Megaparsec \(= 1\,\mathrm{Mps} = 3.26 \times 1{0}^{6}\) light years.

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  1. Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria (SBAI), University of Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy

    Mario Bertolotti

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Bertolotti, M. (2013). The Extended Showers. In: Celestial Messengers. Astronomers' Universe. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28371-0_10

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