Abstract
Having introduced the basic idea of the electron-hole plasma (EHP) in Sect. 19.2, we now give details of some of its properties, e.g., the density at which the transition from an exciton gas to an EHP has to be expected in Sect. 21.1, the renormalization of the band gap in the EHP and its thermodynamic properties in Sect. 21.2. Then we present results for indirect and direct-gap bulk semiconductors showing some characteristic differences in these properties.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
P. Debye, E. Hückel, Z. Phys. 24, 185, 305 (1923)
L.H. Thomas, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 23, 542 (1927)
E. Fermi, Z. Phys. 48, 73 (1928)
E. Burstein, Phys. Rev. 93, 632 (1954)
T.S. Moss, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, B 67, 775 (1954)
L.V. Keldyh, in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Physics of Semiconductors, Moscow, (1968), p. 1303
N.F. Mott, Metal-Insulator Transitions (Taylor and Francis, London, 1974)
G.A. Thomas, T.M. Rice, J.C. Hensel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 219 (1974)
V.G. Lyssenko et al., Sov. Phys. JETP 41, 163 (1975)
T.L. Reinecke, S.C. Ying, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 311 (1975)
G. Bauer et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 75, 543 (1976)
T.C. Hensel, T.G. Phillips, G.A. Thomas, Solid State Phys. 32, 88 (1977)
E. Hanamura, H. Haug, Phys. Rep. 33C, 209 (1977)
R.W. Martin, Solid State Commun. 19, 373 (1976); ibid. 22, 523 (1977)
R.S. Markiewicz, J.P. Wolfe, C.D. Jeffries, Phys. Rev. B 15, 1988 (1977)
T.M. Rice, Solid State Phys. 32, 1 (1977)
G. Beni, T.M. Rice, Phys. Rev. B 18, 768 (1978)
S.W. Koch et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 89, 431 (1978)
V.G. Lysenko, V.I. Revenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State 20, 1238 (1978)
R. Zimmermann et al., Phys. Status Solidi (B), 90, 175 (1978)
M. Combescot, Solid State Commun. 30, 81 (1979)
H. Maaref et al., J. Lumin. 18/19, 547 (1979)
R.M. Westervelt, J.C. Culbertson, B.S. Black, Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 269 (1979)
K. Bohnert, G. Schmieder, C. Klingshirn, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 98, 175 (1980)
M. Greenstein, J.P. Wolfe, Solid State Commun. 33, 309 (1980)
K. Bohnert et al., Z. Phys. B 42, 1 (1981)
A. Forchel et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 678 (1981)
C. Klingshirn, H. Haug, Phys. Rep. 70, 315 (1981)
H. Stolz, R. Zimmermann, G. Röpke, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 105, 585 (1981)
R. Dai et al., Z. Phys. B 46, 189 (1982)
A. Forchel, Ph.D. Thesis, Stuttgart (1982)
G.W. Fehrenbach et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1281 (1982)
A. Kreissl et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 114, 537 (1982)
P. Vashista, R.K. Kalia, Phys. Rev. B 25, 6492 (1982)
M. Combescot, C. Benoit à la Guillaume, Solid State Commun. 46, 579 (1983)
G. Lindemann et al., Phys. Rev. B 28, 4693 (1983)
S. Schmitt-Rink et al., Physica B 117/118, 339 (1983)
H. Haug, S. Schmitt-Rink, Prog. Quant. Electron 9, 3 (1984)
S.W. Koch, Dynamics of First-Order Phase Transitions in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Systems. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 207 (Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1984)
K. Kempf, C. Klingshirn, Solid State Commun. 49, 23 (1984)
G. Manzke, V. May, K. Henneberger, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 125, 693 (1984)
D. Bimberg, in Landolt-Börnstein New Series, Group III, vol. 17i (Springer, New York, 1985), p. 297
M. Capizzi et al., Helv. Phy. Acta 58, 272 (1985)
C.D. Jeffries, L.V. Keldysh (eds.), Electron–Hole Droplets in Semiconductors. Modern Problems in Condensed Matter Sciences, vol. 6 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1985)
D.J. Hagan et al., Opt. Lett. 10, 187 (1985)
D. Hulin et al., J. Lumin. 30, 290 (1985)
W.H. Knox et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 1306 (1985)
F.A. Majumder et al., Phys. Rev. B 32, 2407 (1985)
L.C. West, S.J. Eglash, Appl. Phys. Lett. 46, 1156 (1985)
I. Bar-Joseph et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1357 (1987)
F.A. Majumder et al., Z. Phys. B 66, 409 (1987)
D.S. Chemla et al., IEEE J. QE 24, 1664 (1988)
H. Kalt, A.L. Smirl, T.F. Bogges, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 150, 895 (1988)
H.E. Swoboda et al., Z. Phys. B 70, 341 (1988); Phys. Rev. B 39, 11019 (1989)
R. Zimmermann, Many Particle Theory of Highly Excited Semiconductors. Teubner-Texte zur Physik (Teubner, Leipzig, 1988)
R. Zimmermann, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 146, 371 (1988)
G. Harbeke, Phys. Scripta T 29, 135 (1989)
C. Klingshirn et al., NATO ASI Ser. B 194, 353 (1989)
V.D. Kulakovskii et al., Phys. Rev. B 40, 8087 (1989)
H. Kalt et al., Phys. Rev. B 40, 12017 (1989)
C. Klingshirn et al., NATO ASI Ser. B 200, 167 (1989)
C. Klingshirn et al., NATO ASI Ser. B 194, 353 (1989)
M. Rinker et al., Solid State Commun. 69, 887 (1989)
R. Cingolani, K. Ploog, Adv. Phys. 40, 535 (1990)
R. Cingolani, H. Kalt, K. Ploog, Phys. Rev. B 42, 7655 (1990)
H. Fieseler, R. Schwabe, J. Staehli, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 159, 411 (1990)
H. Haug, S.W. Koch, Quantum Theory of Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990)
C. Klingshirn, Festkör./Adv. Solid State Phys. 30, 335 (1990)
M. Kunz et al., J. Cryst. Growth 101, 734 (1990)
K.-H. Schlaad et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 159, 173 (1990); Phys. Rev. B 43, 4268 (1991)
P.C. Becker et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1876 (1992)
S. Gürtler et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 173, 441 (1992)
H. Kalt, Festkör./Adv. Solid State Phys. 32, 145 (1992)
H. Kalt, M. Rinker, Phys. Rev. B 45, 1139 (1992)
P.P. Paskov, Europhys. Lett. 20, 143 (1992)
K. Unterrainer et al., Semicond. Sci. Tech. 7(B), 604 (1992)
X. Xiao et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 1720 (1992)
M. Combescot, Ch. Tanguy, in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Physics of Semiconductors, Beijing, 1992, ed. by P. Jiang, H.-Z. Zheng (World Scientific, Singapore, 1993), p. 141
F. Daminger et al., in Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Physics of Semiconductors, Beijing, 1992, ed. by P. Jiang, H.-Z. Zheng (World Scientific, Singapore, 1993), p. 1293
M. Helm et al., Phys. Rev. B 48, 1601 (1993)
K. Ploog, R. Nötzel, O. Brandt, in Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Physics of Semiconductors, Beijing, 1992, ed. by P. Jiang, H.-Z. Zheng (World Scientific, Singapore, 1993), p. 1297
M.S. Skolnick et al., in Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Physics of Semiconductors, Beijing, 1992, ed. by P. Jiang, H.-Z. Zheng (World Scientific, Singapore, 1993), p. 41
R. Cingolani, Phys. Scripta T 49(B), 470 (1994)
T. Fromherz et al., Phys. Rev. B 50, 15073 (1994)
M. Illing et al., J. Cryst. Growth 138, 638 (1994)
E. Kapon, Semiconduct. Semimet. 40, 259 (1994)
C. Klingshirn, NATO ASI Ser. B 339, 327 (1994)
H. Kalt, J. Lumin. 60/61, 262 (1994)
D. Campi, C. Coriasso, Phys. Rev. B 51, 10719 (1995)
M. Grundmann et al., J. Nonlinear Opt. Phys. Mater. 4, 99 (1995)
H.F. Ghaemi et al., Superlattice Microst. 17, 15 (1995)
M. Helm, Semicond. Sci. Tech. 10, 557 (1995)
W. Langbein et al., Phys. Rev. B 51, 1946 (1995)
L.M. Smith, J.P. Wolfe, Phys. Rev. B 51, 7521 (1995)
E. Towe et al., Superlattice Microst. 17, 129 (1995)
M. Bayer et al., Phys. Rev. B 55, 13180 (1996)
K. Bollweg et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2774 (1996)
H. Kalt, Optical Properties of II–V Semiconductors: The Influence of Multi-Valley Band Structures. Springer Series in Solid State Sciences, vol. 120 (Springer, Berlin, 1996)
R. Steffen et al., Surf. Sci. 361, 805 (1996)
A. Grindt et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 202, 725 (1997)
H. Göppert et al., J. Lumin. 72–74, 430 (1997)
U. Dörr et al., J. Appl. Phys. 83, 2241 (1998)
R. Heitz et al., Phys. Rev. B 57, 9050 (1998)
A. Jolk, C. Klingshirn, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 206, 841 (1998)
G. Manzke et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 206, 37 (1998)
G. Manzke et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4943 (1998)
M.F. Pereira Jr., K. Henneberger, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 206, 477 (1998)
R. Schepe et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 206, 273 (1998)
Q.-S. Zhu et al., Phys. Rev. B 57, 12388 (1998)
C.R. Bennet et al., Physica B 263-264, 546 (1999)
A. Dargys, Optics Commun. 170, 47 (1999)
S. Kakimoto, H. Watanabe, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 1822 (1999)
C. Piermarocchi et al., Solid State Commun. 112, 433 (1999)
S. Calderon et al., Phys. Rev. B 62, 9935 (2000)
M. Göppert et al., J. Cryst. Growth 214/215, 625 (2000); Physica E 7, 89 (2000)
A. Jolk et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 221, 295 (2000)
S.W. Koch et al., Appl. Phys. A 71 511 (2000); J. Opt. B 3 R29 (2001)
T. Meier et al., Phys. Rev. 62, 4218 (2000)
T. Meier, S.W. Koch, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 221, 211 (2000)
M. Nagai, M. Kuwata-Gonokami, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 221, 261 (2000)
T. Schmielau et al., Phys. Status Solidi (B), 221, 215 (2000)
R. Huber et al., Nature 414, 286 (2001)
H. Ichida et al., in Proceedings of 2000 International Conference on Excitonic Processes in Condensed Matter (= EXCON 2000), Osaka, 22–25 Aug 2000, ed. by K. Cho, A. Matsui (World Scientific, Singapore/New Jersey/London/Hong Kong, 2001), p. 225
H. Ichida et al., Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 15, 28 (2001)
C. Klingshirn (ed.), Landolt-Börnstein New Series, Group III, vol. 34C1 (Springer, Berlin, 2001)
M. Nagai, R. Shimano, M. Kuwata-Gonokami, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5795 (2001)
M. Göppert et al., Phys. Rev. B 65, 115334 (2002)
T.J. Inagaki, M. Aihara, Phys. Rev. B 65, 205204 (2002)
A. Jolk, M. Jörger, C. Klingshirn, Phys. Rev. B 65, 245209 (2002)
U. Rössler (ed.), Landolt-Börnstein New Series, Group III, vol. 41 A1 B (Springer, Berlin, 2002)
G. Manzke, K. Henneberger, Phys. Status Solidi (B), 234, 233 (2002)
M. Nagai, M. Kuwata-Gonokami, J. Lumin. 100, 233 (2002)
M. Nagai, K. Ohkawa, M. Kuwata-Gonokami, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 484 (2002)
M. Nagai, M. Kuwata-Gonokami, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 71, 2276 (2002)
M. Nagai et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 238, 509 (2002)
Ch. Nacke et al., Eur. Phys. J. B 30, 303 (2002)
R. Shimano et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 057404 (2002)
A.I. Yakimov et al., Physica E 13, 1026 (2002)
G. Chen et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 240, 384 (2003)
B.L. Cardozo et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3990 (2003)
R.A. Kaindl et al., Nature 423, 734 (2003)
M. Nagai, Phys. Status Solidi (B) 238, 509 (2003)
M. Nagai et al., Phys. Rev. B 68 081202 (2003)
S. Chatterjee et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 067402 (2004)
Y. Ino et al., Phys. Rev. B 70 155101 (2004)
E. Kapon in Frontiers of Optical Spectroscopy (2003). NATO Science Series II, vol. 168 (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2005)
S.W. Koch and M. Kira in Optics of Semiconductors and Their Nanostructures. Springer Series in Solid State Science, vol. 146 (Springer, Berlin/New York, 2004), p. 1
H. Kalt, M. Hetterich (eds.), Optics of Semiconductors and Their Nanostructures. Springer Series in Solid State Science, vol. 146 (Springer, Berlin/New York, 2004)
H. Priller et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 241, 587 (2004)
R. Sauer, N. Teofilov, K. Thonke, Diam. Relat. Mater. 13 691 (2004)
R. Huber et al., Phys. Rev. B 72, 161314(R) (2005)
C. Klingshirn et al., Adv. Solid State Phys. 45 261 (2005); Superlattice Microst. 38 209 (2005); Physik J 5 33 (2006)
J. Shumway, D.M. Ceperlay, Solid State Commun. 134 19 (2005)
M. Seemann et al., Solid State Commun. 134, 107 (2005); Phys. Rev. B 72, 075204 (2005); Solid State Commun. 138, 457 (2006)
T. Shih et al., Phys. Rev. B 72, 195338 (2005)
These data have been calculated with the Saha equation; H. Stolz and T. Schmielau private commun. (2005)
J. Fallert et al., Proceedings of the 28th ICPS, Vienna (2006); AIP Conf. Ser 893 163 (2007)
P. Gaal et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 187402 (2006)
J. Hader et al., in Nitride Semiconductor Devices, Principles and Simulations, ed. by J. Piprek (Wiley, Weinheim, 2006 in press)
K. Henneberger, T. Schmielau and H. Stolz, private commun (2006)
S.W. Koch et al., Nature Mater. 5 523 (2006)
Proceedings of the 8th Intern Workshop on Nonlinear Optics and Excitation Kinetics in Semicond. (NOEKS 8) A. Knorr, H. Stolz eds. Phys. Status Solidi (C) 3 (7); ibid. B 243(10) (2006) and other proceedings of this Conference Series
C. Klingshirn, et al., Phys. Rev. B 75, 115203 (2007)
C. Klingshirn, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 244, 3027 (2007)
J. Fallert et al., Opt. Express 16, 1125 (2008)
G. Manzke et al., Phys. Status Solidi (C) 6, 520 (2009)
F. Richter et al., Phys. Status Solidi (C) 6, 532 (2009)
M. Schwalm et al., Phys. Status Solidi (C) 6, 542 (2009)
D. Semkat et al., Phys. Rev. B 80, 155201 (2009)
D. Semkat, D. Kremp, K. Henneberger, Phys. Status Solidi (C) 6, 546 (2009)
C. Klingshirn et al., Phys. Status Solidi (b) 247, 1424 (2010)
C.F. Klingshirn, B.K. Meyer, A. Waag, A. Hoffmann, J. Geurts, Zinc Oxide: From Fundamental Properties Towards Novel Applications. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol. 120 (Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2010)
Po-Chi Ou et al., J. Appl. Phys. 109, 013102 (2011)
M.A.M. Versteegh et al., Phys. Rev. B 84, 035207 (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Klingshirn, C.F. (2012). The Electron-Hole Plasma. In: Semiconductor Optics. Graduate Texts in Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28362-8_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28362-8_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-28361-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-28362-8
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)