Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dialyzer Structure and Membrane Biocompatibility

  • Chapter
Modelling and Control of Dialysis Systems

Part of the book series: Studies in Computational Intelligence ((SCI,volume 404))

Abstract

The objectives of this chapter are to provide an overview of the dialyzer structure with emphasis on advances in dialyzer performance and novel design features. This is followed by an in-depth review of the various biomaterials used for dialyzer membranes, namely unsubstituted cellulose, substituted or modified cellulose and synthetic polymers, with a discussion of their physical, chemical and biological properties. Key features of biocompatibility of dialyzer membranes including activation of the complement system and coagulation cascade, and activation of platelets and leukocytes are then discussed. Emphasis is given to the clinical relevance of dialysis membrane biocompatibility and specific syndromes are highlighted including hemodialysis-induced hypoxemia, dialyzer reactions, β 2-microglobulin deposition, protein catabolism, susceptibility to infection due to immune dysfunction, and survival of patients with kidney failure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adler, A., Berlyne, G.: B-thromboglobulin and platelet factor-4 levels during hemodialysis with polyacrylonitrile. Am. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs 4, 100–102 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Agar, J.W., Hull, J.D., Kaplan, M., Pletka, P.G.: Acute cardiopulmonary decompensation and complement activation during hemodialysis. Ann. Int. Med. 90(5), 792–793 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Alonso, A., Lau, J., Jaber, B.L.: Biocompatible hemodialysis membranes for acute renal failure. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 23(1), CD005283 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Anderson, S., Garcia, D., Brenner, B.: Renal and systemic manifesta-tions of glomerular disease. In: Brenner, B., Rector, J.F. (eds.) The Kidney, 4th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Andreoli, M.C., Dalboni, M.A., Watanabe, R., et al.: Impact of dialyzer membrane on apoptosis and function of polymorphonuclear cells and cytokine synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hemodialysis patients. Artif. Organs 31(12), 887–892 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Arnaout, M., Hakim, R.M., Todd, R.F., et al.: Increased expression of an adhesion-promoting surface glycoprotein in the granulocytopenia of hemodialysis. New England Journal of Medicine 312(8), 457–462 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Baracos, V., Rodemann, H.P., Dinarello, C.A., et al.: Stimulation of muscle protein degradation by leukocyte pyrogen (interleukin-1). N. Engl. J. Med. 308(10), 553–558 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Baurmeister, U., Vienken, J., Daum, V.: High-flux dialysis membranes: Endotoxin transfer by backfiltration can be a problem. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 4(suppl. 3), 89–93 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bergstrom, J., Danielsson, S., Freychuss, U.: Dialysis, ultrafiltration and shamdialysis in normal subjects. Kidney Int. 27, 157(A) (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bhakdi, S., Fassbender, W., Hugo, F.: Relative efficiency of terminal complement activation. J. Immunol. 141(9), 3117–3122 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bingel, M., Lonnemann, G., Shaldon, S., et al.: Human interleukin-1 production during hemodialysis. Nephron 43(3), 161–163 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bingel, M., Lonnemann, G., Koch, K.M., et al.: Plasma interleukin-1 activity during hemodialysis: the influence of dialysis membranes. Nephron 50(4), 273–276 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bjerrum, O., Bjerrum, O., Borregaard, N.: B2-microglobulin in neutrophils: an intragranular protein. J. Immunol. 138(11), 3913–3917 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Blackshear, P., Droman, F., Steinbach, J.: Some mechanical effects that influence hemodialysis. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs 11, 112–117 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bloembergen, W.E., Hakim, R.M., Stannard, D.C., et al.: Relationship of dialysis membrane and cause-specific mortality. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 33(1), 1–10 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Blumenstein, M., Schmidt, B., Ward, R.A., et al.: Altered interleukin-1 production in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Nephron 50(4), 277–281 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bokisch, V.A., Müller-Eberhard, H.J.: Anaphylatoxin inactivator of human plasma: its isolation and characterization as a carboxypeptidase. J. Clin. Invest. 49(12), 2427–2436 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Camussi, G., Segoloni, G., Rotunno, M., Vercellone, A.: Mechanisms in-volved in acute granolocytopenia in hemodialysis: cell-membrane direct interactions. Int. J. Art Organs 1(3), 123–127 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Camussi, G., Pacitti, A., Tetta, C., et al.: Mechanisms of neutropenia in hemodialysis. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs 30, 364–368 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Canivet, E., Lavaud, S., Wong, T., et al.: Cuprophane but not synthetic membrane induces increases in serum tumor necrosis factor alpha. Am. J. Kid. Dis. 23(1), 41–46 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Carracedo, J., Ramirez, R., Martin-Malo, A., et al.: Nonbiocompatible hemodialysis membranes induce apoptosis in mononuclear cells: the role of G-proteins. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9(1), 46–53 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Caruana, R., Hamilton, R., Pearson, F.: Dialyzer hypersensitivity syndrome: possible role of allergy to ethylene oxide. Am. J. Nephrol. 5(4), 271–274 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Caruana, R., Smith, M., Clyne, D., et al.: A controlled study of heparin versus epoprostenold sodium (prostacyclin) as the sole anticoagulant for chronic hemodialysis. Blood Purification 9(5-6), 296–304 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chanard, J., Bindi, P., Lavaud, S., et al.: Carpal tunnel syndrome and type of dialysis membrane. BMJ 298(6677), 867–868 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chanard, J., Lavaud, S., Paris, B., et al.: Assessment of heparin binding to the AN69 ST hemodialysis membrane: I. Preclinical studies. ASAIO J. 51(4), 342–347 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Chanard, J., Lavaud, S., Maheut, H., et al.: The clinical evaluation of low-dose heparin in haemodialysis: a prospective study using the heparin-coated AN69 ST membrane. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23(6), 2003–2009 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Chenoweth, D.E., Cheung, A.K., Henderson, L.W.: Anaphylatoxin formation during hemodialysis: effects of different dialyzer membranes. Kidney Int. 24(6), 764–769 (1983a)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Chenoweth, D.E., Cheung, A.K., Ward, D.M., et al.: Anaphylatoxin formation during hemodialysis: a comparison of new and re-used dialyzers. Kidney Int. 24(6), 770–774 (1983b)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Cheung, A.K., LeWinter, M., Chenoweth, D.E., et al.: Cardiopulmonary effects of cuprophan-activated plasma in the swine: role of complement activation products. Kidney Int. 29(4), 799–806 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Cheung, A., Baranowski, R., Wayman, A.: The role of thromboxane in cuprophan-induced pulmonary hypertension. Kidney Int. 31(5), 1072–1079 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Cheung, A., Parker, C., Janatova, J.: Analysis of the complement C3 fragments associated with hemodialysis membranes. Kidney Int. 35(2), 576–588 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Cheung, A., Parker, C., Hohnholt, M.: B 2 integrins are required for neutrophil degranulation induced by hemodialysis membranes. Kidney Int. 43(3), 649–660 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Cheung, A., Faezi-Jenkin, B., Leypoldt, J.: Effect of thrombosis on complement activation and neutrophil degranulation during invitro hemodialysis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5(1), 110–115 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Cheung, A.K., Hohnholt, M., Gilson, J.: Adherence of neutrophils to hemodialysis membranes: role of complement receptors. Kidney Int. 40(6), 1123–1133 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Cochrane, C., Muller-Eberhard, H.: The derivation of two distinct anaphylatoxin activities from the third and fifith components of human complement. J. Exp. Med. 127(2), 371–386 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cohen, M., Elliott, D., Chaplinski, T., et al.: A Defect in the Oxidative Metabolism of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes that Remain in Circulation Early in Hemodialysis. Blood 60(6), 1283–1289 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Colman, R., Hirsh, J., Marder, V., et al.: Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. In: Colman, R., Hirsh, J., Marder, V., et al. (eds.) J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Colotta, F., Re, F., Polentarutti, N., et al.: Modulation of granulocyte survival and programmed cell death by cytokines and bacterial products. Blood 80(8), 2012–2020 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Cominelli, F., Nast, C.C., Dinarello, C.A., et al.: Regulation of eicosanoid production in rabbit colon by interleukin-1. Gastroenterology 97(6), 1400–1405 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Cottrell, A.C., Mehta, R.L.: Cytokine kinetics in septic ARF patients on continuous veno-veno hemodialysis (CVVHD). J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 3, 361 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Craddock, P.R., Fehr, J., Brigham, K.L., et al.: Complement and leukocyte-mediated pulmonary dysfunction in hemodialysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 296(14), 769–774 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Craddock, P.R., Fehr, J., Dalmasso, A.P., et al.: Hemodialysis leukopenia: pulmonary vascular leukostasis resulting from complement activation by dialyzer cellophane membranes. J. Clin. Invest. 59(5), 879–888 (1977a)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Craddock, P., Hammerschmidt, D., White, J.: Complement (C5a)-induced granulocyte aggregation in vitro. A possible mechanism of complement mediated leukostasis and leukopenia. J. Clin. Invest. 60(1), 260–264 (1977b)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Davenport, A., Crabtree, J., Androjna, C., et al.: Tumour necrosis factor does not increase during routine cuprophane haemodialysis in healthy. Nephrol. Dialysis Transplant. 6(6), 435–439 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Dawes, J., Smith, R., Pepper, D.: The release, distributions, and clearance of human B-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4. Thromb. Res. 12(5), 851–861 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  46. DeBacker, W.A., Verpooten, G.A., Borgonjon, D.J., et al.: Hypoxemia during hemodialysis: effects of different membranes and dialysate compositions. Kidney Int. 23(5), 738–743 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  47. del Balzo, U., Levi, R., Polley, M.: Cardiac dysfunction caused by purified human C3a anaphylatoxin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 82(3), 886–890 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Deppisch, R., Schmitt, V., Bommer, J., et al.: Fluid phase generation of terminal complement complex as a novel index of bioincompatibility. Kidney Int. 37(2), 696–706 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Deppisch, R., Betz, M., Hansch, G., et al.: Biocompatibility of the polyamide membranes. Contrib. Nephrol. 96, 26–46 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Descamps-Latscha, B., Herbelin, A., Nguyen, A.T., et al.: Haemodialysis-membrane induced phagocyte oxidative metabolism activation and interleukin-1 production. Life Supp. Sys. 4(4), 349–353 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Descamps-Latscha, B., Herbelin, A., Nguyen, A.T., et al.: Soluble CD23 as an effector of immune dysregulation in chronic uremia and dialysis. Kidney Int. 43(4), 878–884 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Descamps-Latscha, B., Herbelin, A., Nguyen, A.T., et al.: Balance between IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and their specific inhibitors in chronic renal failure and maintenance dialysis. Relationships with activation markers of T cells, B cells, and monocytes. J. Immunol. 154(2), 882–892 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Dinarello, C.: Cytokines: agents provocateurs in hemodialysis? Kidney Int. 41(3), 683–694 (1992a)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Dinarello, C.: Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor and their naturally occurring antagonists during hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 42(supplement 38), S68–S77 (1992b)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Dinarello, C.A.: Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism. Blood 77(8), 1627–1652 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Docci, D., Turci, F., Devl Vecchio, C., et al.: Hemodialysis-associated platelet loss: study of the relative contribution of dialyzer membrane composition and geometry. Int. J. Artif. Organs 7(6), 337–340 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Dodd, N., Gordge, M., Tarrant, J., et al.: A demonstration of neutrophil accumulation in the pulmonary vasculature during hemodialysis. Proc. Eur. Transpl. Assoc. 20, 186–189 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Dolan, M.J., Whipp, B.J., Davidson, W.D., et al.: Hypopnea associated with acetate hemodialysis: carbon-dioxide-flow dependent ventilation. N. Engl. J. Med. 305(2), 72–75 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Donahue, P.R., Ahmad, S.: Dialyzer permeability alteration by reuse (Abstract). J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 3, 363 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Dumler, F., Zasuwa, G., Levin, N.: Effect of dialyzer reprocessing methods on complement activation and hemodialyzer-related symptoms. Artif. Organs 11(2), 128–131 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Eknoyan, G., Beck, G.J., Cheung, A.K., et al.: Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 347(25), 2010–2019 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  62. Eschbach, J.: Hematologic problems of dialysis patients. In: Drukker, W., Parsons, F., Maher, J. (eds.) Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Evans, R.C., Holmes, C.J.: In vitro study of the transfer of cytokine-inducing substances across selected high-flux hemodialysis membranes. Blood Purif. 9(2), 92–101 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Falkenhagen, D., Bosch, T., Brown, G., et al.: A clinical study on different cellulosic dialysis membranes. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2(6), 537–545 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  65. Falkenhagen, D., Mitzner, S., Stange, J., et al.: Biocompatibility: methodology and evaluation. Contrib. Nephrol. 103, 34–54 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Fassbinder, W., Pilar, J., Scheuermann, E., et al.: Formaldehyde and the occurence of anti-N-like cold agglutinins in RDT patients. Proc. Eur. Dial. Trans. Assoc. 13, 333–338 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Fawcett, S., Hoenich, N., Laker, M., et al.: Hemodialysis-induced respiratory changes. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2(3), 161–168 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Fearon, D., Wong, W.: Complement ligand-receptor interactons that mediate biological responses. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 1, 243–271 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Floege, J., Granolleras, C., Koch, K.M., Shaldon, S.: Which membrane? Should beta-2 microglobulin decide on the choice of today’s hemodialysis membrane? Nephron 50(3), 177–181 (1988a)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Floege, J., Wilks, M., Shaldon, S., et al.: Beta 2-microglobulin kinetics during haemofiltration. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 3(6), 784–789 (1988b)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Floege, J., Granolleras, C., Merscher, S., et al.: Is the rise in plasma beta-2-microglobulin seen during hemodialysis meaningful? Nephron 51(1), 6–12 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Floege, J., Bartsch, A., Schulze, M., et al.: Clearance and synthesis rates of B2-microglobulin in patients undergoing hemodialysis in normal subjects. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 118(2), 153–165 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Foley, R., Reeves, W.: Acute anaphylactoid reactions in hemodialysis. Am. J. Kid. Dis. 5(2), 132–135 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Fujimura, T., Uchi, Y., Fukuda, M., et al.: Development of a dialyzer with enhanced internal filtration to increase the clearance of low molecular weight proteins. J. Artif. Organs 7(3), 149–154 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Fukuda, M., Miyazaki, M., Uezumi, S., et al.: Design and assessment of the new APS dialyzer (APS-SA series). J. Artif. Organs 9(3), 192–198 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Galli, F., Rovidati, S., Chiarantini, L., et al.: Bioreactivity and biocompatibility of a vitamin Emodified multi-layer hemodialysis filter. Kidney Int. 54(2), 580–589 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Galli, F., Canestrari, F., Buoncristiani, U.: Biological effects of oxidant stress in haemodialysis: the possible roles of vitamin E. Blood Purif. 17(2-3), 79–94 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  78. Gasparotto, M., Bertoli, M., Vertolli, U., et al.: Biocompatibility of various dialysis membranes as assessed by coagulation assay. Contrib. Nephrol. 37, 96–100 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  79. Gault, M., Duffett, S., Purchase, L., et al.: Hemodialysis intravascular hemolysis and kinked blood lines. Nephron 62(3), 267–271 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  80. Gejyo, F., Yamada, T., Odani, S., et al.: A new form of amyloid protein associated with hemodialysis was identified as ß2-microglobulin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 129(3), 701–706 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  81. Gerard, C., Hugli, T.: Identification of classical anaphylatoxin as the des-Arg form of the C5a molecule: evidence of a modulator role for the oligosaccharide unit in human des-Arg C5a. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 78(3), 1833–1837 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  82. Ghysen, J., De Plaen, J.F., van Ypersele de Strihou, C.: The effect of membrane characteristics on tumour necrosis factor kinetics during haemodialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 5(4), 270–274 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  83. Girndt, M., Lengler, S., Kaul, H., et al.: Prospective crossover trial of the influence of vitamin E-coated dialyzer membranes on T-cell activation and cytokine induction. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 35(1), 95–104 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Göhl, H., Buck, R., Strathmann, H.: Basic features of the polyamide membranes. Contrib. Nephrol. 96, 1–25 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  85. Goldstein, I.M., Brai, M., Osler, A.G., Weissmann, G.: Lysosomal enzyme release from human leukocytes: mediation by the alternative pathway of complement activation. J. Immunol. 111(1), 33–37 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  86. Gorevic, P.D., Casey, T.T., Stone, W.J., et al.: Beta-2 microglobulin is an amyloidogenic protein in man. J. Clin. Invest. 76(6), 2425–2429 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  87. Graeber, C.W., Halley, S.E., Lapkin, R.A., et al.: Protein Losses with Reused Dialyzers. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4, 349 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  88. Graf, H., Stummvoll, H.K., Haber, P., Kovarik, J.: Pathophysiology of dialysis related hypoxaemia. Proc. Eur. Dial. Transplant. Assoc. 17, 155–161 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  89. Green, D., Santhanam, S., Krumlovsky, F.A., del Greco, F.: Elevated B-thromboglobulin in patients with chronic renal failure. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 95(5), 679–685 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  90. Greene, W., Bohaleim, E., Siekavitz, M., et al.: Structure and regulation of the human IL-2 receptor. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 254, 55–60 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  91. Gutch, C., Eskelson, C., Ziegler, E., et al.: 2-chloroethanol as a toxic residue in dialysis supplies sterlized with ethylene oxide. Dial. Transplant. 5, 21–25 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  92. Gutierrez, A., Alvestrand, A., Wahren, J., Bergström, J.: Effect of in vivo contact between blood and dialysis membranes on protein catabolism in humans. Kidney Int. 38(3), 487–494 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Haeffner-Cavaillon, N., Cavaillon, J.M., Ciancioni, C., et al.: In vivo induction of interleukin-1 during hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 35(5), 1212–1218 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Hakim, R.M., Lowrie, E.G.: Hemodialysis-associated neutropenia and hypoxemia: the effect of dialyzer membrane materials. Nephron 32(1), 32–39 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hakim, R.M., Breillatt, J., Lazarus, J.M., Port, F.K.: Complement activation and hypersensivity reactions to dialysis membranes. New Eng. J. Med. 311(14), 878–882 (1984a)

    Google Scholar 

  96. Hakim, R., Fearon, D., Lazarus, J.: Biocompatibility of dialysis membranes: effects of chronic complement activation. Kidney Int. 26(2), 194–200 (1984b)

    Google Scholar 

  97. Hakim, R.M., Schafer, A.I.: Hemodialysis-associated platelet activation and thrombocytopenia. American Journal of Medicine 78(4), 575–580 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  98. Hakim, R.M., Held, P.J., Stannard, D.C., et al.: Effect of the dialysis membrane on mortality of chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 50(2), 566–570 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  99. Hammerschmidt, D., Harris, P., Wayland, J., et al.: Complement-induced granulocyte aggregation in vivo. Amer. Jour. Pathol. 102(2), 146–150 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  100. Harrison, P., Jansson, K., Kronenberg, H., et al.: Cold agglutinin formation in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a possible relationship to dialyzer reuse. Aust. NZ J. Med. 5(3), 195–197 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  101. Heidland, A., Horl, W., Heller, N., et al.: Proteolytic enzymes and catabolism: enhanced release of granulocyte proteinase in uremic intoxication and during hemodialysis. Kidney Int. Suppl. suppl. 16, S27–S36 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  102. Henderson, L.W., Miller, M.E., Hamilton, R.W., Norman, M.E.: Hemodialysis leukopenia and polymorph random mobility - a possible correlation. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 85(2), 191–197 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  103. Henderson, L., Cheung, A., Chenoweth, D.: Choosing a membrane. Am. J. Kid. Dis. 3(1), 5–20 (1983a)

    Google Scholar 

  104. Henderson, L.W., Koch, K.M., Dinarello, C.A., et al.: Hemodialysis hypotension: the interleukin-1 hypothesis. Blood Purif. 1, 3–8 (1983b)

    Google Scholar 

  105. Henne, W., Duenweg, G., Bandel, W.: A New Cellulose Membrane Generation for hemodialysis and hemofiltration. Artificial Organs 3, 466–469 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  106. Herbelin, A., Nguyen, A.T., Zingraff, J., et al.: Influence of uremia and hemodialysis on circulating interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Kidney Int. 37(1), 116–125 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  107. Herbelin, A., Urena, P., Nguyen, A., et al.: Elevated circulating levels of interleukin-6 in patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney International 39(5), 954–960 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  108. Himmelfarb, J., Ault, K., Holbrook, D., et al.: Intradialytic granulocyte reactive oxygen species production: a prospective, crossover trial. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4(2), 178–186 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  109. Hobbs, M.V., Feldbush, T.L., Needleman, B.W., Weiler, J.M.: Inhibition of secondary in vitro antibody responses by the third compoment of complement. J. Immunol. 128(3), 1470–1475 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  110. Hoenich, N.A.: Membranes for dialysis: can we do without them? Int. J. Artif. Organs 30, 964–970 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  111. Holmes, C., Evans, R., Ross, D., et al.: Plasma IL-1 and TNF levels during high-flux hemodialysis with cellulose triacetate membranes. Kidney Int. 37, 301 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  112. Horl, W.H., Heidland, A.: Evidence for the participation of granulocyte proteinases on intradialytic catabolism. Clin. Nephrol. 21(6), 314–322 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  113. Horl, W.H., Schaefer, R.M., Heidland, A.: Effect of different dialyzers on proteinases and proteinase inhibitors during hemodialysis. Am. J. Nephrol. 5(5), 320–326 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  114. Horl, W.H., Riegel, W., Schollmeyer, P., et al.: Different complement and granulocyte activation in patients dialyzed with PMMA dialyzers. Clin. Nephrol. 25(6), 304–307 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  115. Horl, W., Steinhauer, H., Riegel, W., et al.: Effect of different dialyzer membranes on plasma levels of granulocyte elastase. Kidney Int. suppl. 24, S90–S91 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  116. Hornberger, J.C., Chernew, M., Petersen, J., Garber, A.M.: A multivariate analysis of mortality and hospital admissions with high-flux dialysis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 3(6), 1227–1237 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  117. Hugli, T.: The structural basis for anaphylatoxin and chemotactic functions of C3a, C4a, and C5a. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 1(4), 321–366 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  118. Iatrou, C., Afentakis, N., Antonopoulou, S., et al.: The production of platelet-activating factor (PAF) during hemodialysis with cuprophane membrane. Does the calcium concentration in the dialysate play any role on it? Int. J. Artif. Organs 18(7), 355–361 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  119. Iatrou, C., Afentakis, N., Nomikos, T., et al.: Is platelet-activating factor produced during hemodialysis with AN-69 polyacrylonitrile membrane? Nephron 91(1), 86–93 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  120. Ing, T.S., Daugirdas, J.T., Popli, S., Gandhi, V.C.: First use syndrome with cuprammonium cellulose dialyzers. Int. J. Artif. Organs 6(5), 235–239 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  121. Ireland, H., Lane, D., Curtis, J.: Objective assessment of heparin requirements for hemodialysis in human. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 103(4), 643–652 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  122. Ivanovich, P., Chenoweth, D.E., Schmidt, R., et al.: Symptoms and activation of granulocytes and complement with two dialysis membranes. Kidney Int. 24(6), 758–763 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  123. Jaber, B., Pereira, B.: Biocompatibility of Hemodialysis Membranes. In: Pereira, B., Sayegh, M., Blake, P. (eds.) Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, & Transplantation. Companion to Brenner & Rector’s the Kidney, 2nd edn. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  124. Jaber, B.L., Balakrishnan, V.S., Cendoroglo, M.N., et al.: Apoptosis-inducing activity of uremic plasma during hemodialysis. Blood Purif. 16(6), 325–335 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  125. Jaber, B.L., Cendoroglo, M., Balakrishnan, V.S., et al.: Apoptosis of leukocytes: basic concepts and implications in uremia. Kidney Int. suppl. 78, S197–S205 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  126. Johnson, A., Hugli, T., Mulloer-Eberhard, H.: Release of histamine from mast cells by the complement peptides C3a and C5a. Immunology 28(6), 1067–1080 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  127. Jones, R., Broadfield, J., Parsons, V.: Arterial hypoxemia during hemodialysis for acute renal failure in mechanically ventilated patients: observations and mechanisms. Clin. Nephrol. 14(1), 18–22 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  128. Jorstad, S., Smeby, L.C., Balstad, T., Widerøe, T.E.: Removal, generation and adsorption of beta-2-microglobulin during hemofiltration with five different membranes. Blood Purif. 6(2), 96–105 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  129. Kaplan, K., Owen, J.: Plasma levels of B-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 as indices of platelet activation in vivo. Blood 57(2), 199–202 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  130. Kaplow, L., Goffinet, J.: Profound neutropenia during the early phase of hemodialysis. JAMA 203(13), 1135–1137 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  131. Kay, N., Raij, L.: Immune abnormalities in renal failure in hemodialysis. Blood Purif. 4(1-3), 120–129 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  132. Kay, N., Raij, L.: Differential effect of hemodialysis membranes on human lymphocyte natural killer function. Artif. Organs 11(2), 165–167 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  133. Key, J., Nahmias, M., Acchiardo, S.: Hypersentivity reactions on first-time exposure to cucrophan hollow fiber dialyzer. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2(6), 664–666 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  134. Kim, S.: Platelet adhesion and prevention at blood polymer interface. Artificial Organs 11(3), 228–236 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  135. Kjellstrand, P., Okmark, P., Odselius, R., et al.: Adherence of blood cells to dialyzer membranes as a measure of biocompatibility. Int. J. Artif. Organs 14(11), 698–702 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  136. Klempner, M., Gallin, J., Balow, J., et al.: The effect of hemodialysis and C5ades arg on neutrophil subpopulations. Blood 55(5), 777–783 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  137. Klinke, B., Rockel, A., Perschel, W., et al.: Beta-2-microglobulin adsorption and release in-vitro: influence of membrane material, osmolality and heparin. Int. J. Artif. Organs 11(5), 355–360 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  138. Konstantin, P.: Newer membranes: cuprophane versus polysulfone versus polyacrylonitrile. In: Bosch, J., Stein, J. (eds.) Hemodialysis: High Efficiency Treatments. Churchill Livingstone, New York (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  139. Kozin, F., Cochrane, C.: The contact activation system of plasma: biochemistry and pathophysiology. In: Gallin, J., Goldstein, I., Snyderman, R. (eds.) Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. Raven Press, New York (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  140. Kuragano, T., Kuno, T., Takahashi, Y., et al.: Comparison of the effects of cellulose triacetate and polysulfone membrane on GPIIb/IIIa and platelet activation. Blood Purif. 21(2), 176–182 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  141. Lane, D., Ireland, H., Knight, I., et al.: The significance of fibrinogen derivatives in plasma in human renal failure. Br. J. Haematol. 56(2), 251–260 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  142. Lee, A., Whyte, M.K.B., Haslett, C.: Inhibition of apoptosis and prolongation of neutrophil functional longevity by inflammatory mediators. J. Leukoc. Biol. 54(4), 283–288 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  143. Lemke, H., Fink, E.: Accumulation of bradykinin generation formed by the AN69- or PAN 17DX-membrane is due to the presence of an ACE-inhibitor in vitro. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 3, 376(A) (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  144. Lemke, H., Eisenhauer, T., Krieter, D.: Generation of bradykinin, hypotension and anaphylactoid shock during hemodialysis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4, 362(A) (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  145. Lepow I, Willms-Kretschmer K, Patrick R, et al (1970) Gross and ultra-structural observations on lesions produced by intradermal injection of human C3a in man. Am J Pathol.; 61(1):13-24.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Levin, N.W., Zasuwa, G., Dumler, F.: Effect of membrane type on causes of death in hemodialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2, 335 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  147. Lewis, K., Dewar, P., Ward, M.: Formation of anti-N-like antibodies in dialysis patients: effect of different methods of dialyzer rinsing remove formaldehyde. Clinical Nephrology 15(1), 39–43 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  148. Liles, W.C., Klebanoff, S.J.: Regulation of apoptosis in neutrophils–Fas track to death? J. Immunol. 155(7), 3289–3291 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  149. Lim, V., Bier, D., Flanigan, M., Sum-Ping, S.: The effect of hemodialysis on protein metabolism: a leucine kinetic study. J. Clin. Invest. 91(6), 2419–2436 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  150. Lindner, A., Farewell, B., Sherrard, D.: High incidence of neoplasia in uremic patients receiving long term dialysis. Nephron 27(6), 292–296 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  151. Lindsay, R.M., Ferguson, D., Prentice, C.R., et al.: Reduction of thrombus formation on dialyzer membranes by aspirin and RA 233. Lancet 300(7790), 1287–1290 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  152. Lindsay, R.: Practical use of anticoagulant. In: Drukker, W., Parsons, F., Maher, J. (eds.) Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  153. Linke, R., Hampl, H., Lobeck, H., et al.: Lysine-specific cleavage of B2-microglobulin in amyloid deposits associated with hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 36(4), 675–681 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  154. Lonnemann, G., Bingel, M., Koch, K.M., et al.: Plasma interleukin-1 activity in humans undergoing hemodialysis with regenerated cellulosic membranes. Lymphokine Res. 6(2), 63–70 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  155. Lonnemann, G., Binge, M., Floege, J., et al.: Detection of endotoxin-like interleukin-1-inducing activity during in vitro dialysis. Kidney Int. 33(1), 29–35 (1988a)

    Google Scholar 

  156. Lonnemann, G., Koch, K.M., Shaldon, S., Dinarello, C.A.: Studies on the ability of hemodialysis membranes to induce, bind, and clear human interleukin-1. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 112(1), 76–86 (1988b)

    Google Scholar 

  157. Lonnemann, G., Haubitz, M., Schindler, R.: Hemodialysis-associated induction of cytokines. Blood Purif. 8(4), 214–222 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  158. Lonnemann, G., Behme, T.C., Lenzner, B., et al.: Permeability of dialyzer membranes to TNF alpha-inducing substances derived from water bacteria. Kidney Int. 42(1), 61–68 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  159. Lonnemann, G., Mahiout, A., Schindler, R., et al.: Pyrogen retention by the polyamide membranes. In: Shaldon, S., Koch, K.M. (eds.) The Polyamide Membrane. Contr. Nephrol., vol. 96, pp. 47–63 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  160. Lucchi, L., Iannone, A., Bergamini, S., et al.: Comparison between hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde as markers of acute oxidative injury during hemodialysis. Artif. Organs 29(10), 832–837 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  161. Luger, A., Kovarik, J., Stummvoll, H.K., et al.: Blood-membrane interaction in hemodialysis leads to increased cytokine production. Kidney Int. 32(1), 84–88 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  162. Lyman, D.: Membranes. In: Drukker, W., Parsons, F., Maher, J. (eds.) Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  163. Lysaght, M.: Evolution of hemodialysis membranes. Contrib. Nephrol. 113, 1–10 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  164. MacDougall, M., Diedrich, D., Wiegmann, T.: Dissociation of hemodialysis leukopenia and hypoxemia from complement changes during citrate anticoagulation. Kidney Int. 27, 166 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  165. Macleod, A.M., Campbell, M., Cody, J.D., et al.: Cellulose, modified cellulose and synthetic membranes in the haemodialysis of patients with end-stage renal disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (3), Art. No.: CD003234 (2005), doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003234.pub2

    Google Scholar 

  166. Maggiore, Q., Enia, G., Catalano, C.: Effect of blood cooling on cucro-phan induced anaphylatoxin generation. Kidney Int. 32, 908–911 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  167. Mahajan, S., Gardiner, H., DeTar, B., et al.: Relationship between pulmonary functions and hemodialysis induced leukopenia. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs 23, 411–415 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  168. Maher, E., Wickens, D., Griffin, J., et al.: Increased free-radical activity during hemodialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2(3), 169–171 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  169. Marshall, J.W., Ahearn, D.J., Nothum, R.J., et al.: Adherence of blood components to dialyzer membranes: Morphological studies. Nephron 12(3), 157–170 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  170. Mason, R.G., Zucker, W.H., Bilinsky, R.T., et al.: Blood components deposited on used and reused dialysis membranes. Biomat. Med. Dev. Art. Org. 4(3-4), 333–358 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  171. Memoli, B., Rampino, T., Libetta, C., et al.: Peripheral blood leukocytes interleukin-6 production in uremic hemodialyzed patients (Abstract). J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1, 369 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  172. Meuer, S.C., Hauer, M., Kurz, P., et al.: Selective blockade of the antigen-receptor-mediated pathway of T cell activation in patients with impaired primary immune responses. J. Clin. Invest. 80(3), 743–749 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  173. Mingardi, G., Vigano, G., Massazza, M.: Polyacrylonitrile membranes for hemodialysis: Long term effect on primary hemostatis. In: Smeby, L., Jorstad, S., Wideroe, T. (eds.) Immune and Metabolic Aspects of Therapeutic Blood Purification Systems. Karger, Basel (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  174. Miura, Y., Ishiyama, T., Inomata, A., et al.: Radiolucent bone cysts and the type of dialysis membrane used in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Nephron 60(3), 268–273 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  175. Miyaya, T., Oda, O., Inagi, R., et al.: B 2-microglobulin modified with advanced glycation end products is a major component of hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis. J. Clin. Invest. 92(3), 1243–1252 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  176. Mohammed, S., Whitworth, C., Chuang, H., et al.: Multiple active forms of thrombin: Binding to platelets and effects on platelet function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73(5), 1660–1663 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  177. Morrison, J., Wilson, A., Vaziri, N., et al.: Determination of pulmonary tissue volume, pulmonary capillary blood flow and diffusing capacity lung before and after hemodialysis. Int. J. Artif. Organs 3(5), 259–262 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  178. Mourad, A., Carney, S., Gillies, A., et al.: Acute effect of haemodialysis on arterial stiffness: membrane bioincompatibility? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 19(11), 2797–2802 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  179. Muller-Eberhard, H.: Complement: Chemistry and pathways. In: Gallin, J., Goldstein, I., Snyderman, R. (eds.) Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. Raven Press, New York (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  180. Nath, N., Niewiarowski, S., Joist, J.H.: Platelet factor 4: Antiheparin protein releasable from platelets: Purification and properties. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 82(5), 754–768 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  181. Needleman, B.W., Weiler, J.M., Feldbush, T.L.: The third component of complement inhibits human lymphocyte blastogenesis. J. Immunol. 126(4), 1586–1591 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  182. Nicholls, A.J., Platts, M.J.: Anaphylactoid reactions during hemodialysis are due to ethylene oxide hypersensitivity. Proc. Eur. Dial. Transplant. Assoc. Eur. Ren. Assoc. 21, 173–177 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  183. Oettinger, C.W., Powell, A.C., Bland, L.A., et al.: Enhanced release of tumor necrosis factor alpha but not interleukin-1 beta by uremic blood stimulated with endotoxin (Abstract). J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1, 370 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  184. Ogawa, H., Saito, A., Oda, O., et al.: Detection of novel beta 2-microglobulin in the serum of hemodialysis patients and its amyloidogenic predisposition. Clin. Nephrol. 30(3), 158–163 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  185. Ogden, D.: New-dialyzer syndrome. New England J. Med. 302, 1262–1263 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  186. Oh, M.S., Uribarri, J., Del Monte, M.L., et al.: A mechanism of hypoxemia during hemodialysis. Consumption of CO 2 in metabolism of acetate. Am. J. Nephrol. 5(5), 366–371 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  187. Ohashi, K., Hara, M., Kawai, R., et al.: Cervical discs are most susceptible to beta 2-microglobulin amyloid deposition in the vertebral column. Kidney International 41(6), 1646–1652 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  188. Okusawa, S., Gelfand, J.A., Ikejima, T., et al.: Interleukin 1 induces a shock-like state in rabbits: synergism with tumor necrosis factor and the effect of cyclooxygenase inhibiton. J. Clin. Invest. 81(4), 1162–1172 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  189. Ouseph, R., Hutchison, C.A., Ward, R.A.: Differences in solute removal by two high-flux membranes of nominally similar synthetic polymers. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23(5), 1704–1712 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  190. Pavlopoulou, G., Perzanowski, C., Hakim, R.: Platelet aggregation studies during dialysis. Kidney Int. 29, 221(A) (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  191. Pereira, B.J., Dinarello, C.A.: Production of cytokines and cytokine inhibitory proteins in patients on dialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 9(2), 60–71 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  192. Pereira, B.J., Shapiro, L., King, A.J., et al.: Plasma levels of IL-1 beta, TNF alpha and their specific inhibitors in undialyzed chronic renal failure, CAPD and hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 45(3), 890–896 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  193. Pereira BJ, Dinarello CA (1995) Role of cytokines in patients on dialysis [editorial]. Int J Artif Organs; 18(6):293-304.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Pereira, B.J.G., Snodgrass, B.R., Hogan, P.J., et al.: Diffusive and convective transfer of cytokine-inducing bacterial products across hemodialysis membranes. Kidney Int. 47(2), 603–610 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  195. Perianayagam, M.C., Balakrishnan, V.S., King, A.J., et al.: C5a delays apoptosis of human neutrophils by a phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase-signaling pathway. Kidney Int. 61(2), 456–463 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  196. Pertosa, G., Grandaliano, G., Soccio, M., et al.: Vitamin E-modified filters modulate Jun N-terminal kinase activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Kidney Int. 62(2), 602–610 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  197. Peterson, J., Hyver, S., Cajias, J.: Backfiltration During Dialysis: A Critical Assessment. Seminars in Dialysis 5(1), 13–16 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  198. Poothullil, J., Shimizu, A., Day, R.P., Dolovich, J.: Anaphylaxis from the product(s) of ethylene oxide gas. Ann. Intern. Med. 82(1), 58–60 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  199. Popli, S., Ing, T., Daugirdas, J.: Severe reactions to cucrophan capillary dialyzers. Artif. Organs 6, 312–315 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  200. Port, F.K., Ragheb, N.E., Schwartz, A.G., Hawthorne, V.M.: Neoplasms in dialysis patients: a population-based study. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 14(2), 119–123 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  201. Powell, A., Bland, L., Oettinger, C., et al.: Lack of plasma interleukin-1 beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha elevation during unfavorable hemodialysis conditions. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2(5), 1007–1013 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  202. Radovich, J.: Composition of polymer membranes for therapies of end-stage renal disease. Contrib. Nephrol. 113, 11–24 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  203. Rault, R., Silver, M.R.: Severe reactions during hemodialysis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 5(2), 128–131 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  204. Raz, A., Wyche, A., Siegel, N., Needleman, P.: Regulation of fibroblast cyclooxygenase synthesis by interleukin-1. J. Biol. Chem. 263(6), 3022–3028 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  205. Ritz, E., Bommer, J.: Beta-2-microglobulin derived amyloid–problems and perspectives. Blood Purif. 6(2), 61–68 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  206. Romao, J.E.J., Abensur, H., Castro, M.C.M., et al.: Effect of biocompatibility on recovery from acute renal failure after cadaveric renal transplantation [abstract]. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9, 181A (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  207. Ronco, C., Orlandini, G., Brendolan, A., et al.: Enhancement of convective transport by internal filtration in a modified experimental hemodialyzer: technical note. Kidney Int. 54(3), 979–985 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  208. Ronco, C., Bowry, S.K., Brendolan, A., et al.: Hemodialyzer: from macro-design to membrane nanostructure; the case of the FX-class of hemodialyzers. Kidney Int. suppl. 80, 126–142 (2002a)

    Google Scholar 

  209. Ronco, C., Brendolan, A., Crepaldi, C., et al.: Blood and dialysate flow distributions in hollowfiber hemodialyzers analyzed by computerized helical scanning technique. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13(Suppl. 1), S53–S61 (2002b)

    Google Scholar 

  210. Ronco, C., Levin, N., Brendolan, A., et al.: Flow distribution analysis by helical scanning in polysulfone hemodialyzers: effects of fiber structure and design on flow patterns and solute clearances. Hemodial. Int. 10(4), 380–388 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  211. Ryan, J., Beynon, H., Rees, A.J., et al.: Evaluation of the in vitro production of tumour necrosis factor by monocytes in dialysis patients. Blood Purif. 9(3), 142–147 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  212. Rysz, J., Stolarek, R.A., Pedzik, A., et al.: Increased exhaled H 2 O 2 and impaired lung function in patients undergoing bioincompatible hemodialysis. Int. J. Artif. Organs 30(10), 879–888 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  213. Sacks, T., Moldow, C.F., Craddock, P.R., et al.: Oxygen radicals mediate endothelial cell damage by complement-stimulated granulocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 61(5), 1161–1167 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  214. Salama, A., Hugo, F., Heinrick, D., et al.: Deposition of terminal C5b-9 complement complexes on erythrocytes and leukocytes during cardiopulmonary bypass. New Engl. J. Med. 318(7), 408–414 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  215. Salter, M.C., Crow, M.J., Donaldson, D.R., et al.: Prevention of platelet deposition and thrombus formation on hemodialysis membranes: a double-blind randomized trial of aspirin and dipyridamole. Artif. Organs 8(1), 57–61 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  216. Salzman, E.: Role of platelets in blood-surface interactions. Fed. Proc. 30(5), 1503–1508 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  217. Sato, H., Ohkubo, M., Nagaoka, T.: Levels of serum colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) in patients on long-term haemodialysis. Cytokine 6(2), 187–194 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  218. Schaefer, R., Heidland, A., Horl, W.: Effect of dialyzer geometry on granulocyte and complement activation. Am. J. Nephrol. 7(2), 121–126 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  219. Schindler, R., Gelfand, J., Dinarello, C.: Recombitant C5a stimulates transcription rather than translation of IL-1 and TNF: priming of mononuclear cells with recombitant C5a enhances cytokine synthesis induced by LPS, IL-1 or PMA. Blood 76, 1631–1635 (1990a)

    Google Scholar 

  220. Schindler, R., Lonnemann, G., Shaldon, S., et al.: Transcription, not synthesis, of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by complement. Kidney Int. 37(1), 85–93 (1990b)

    Google Scholar 

  221. Schindler, R., Linnenweber, S., Shulze, M., et al.: Gene expression of interleukin-1β during hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 43(3), 712–721 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  222. Schohn, D.C., Jahn, H.A., Eber, M., Hauptmann, G.: Biocompatibility and hemodynamic studies during polycarbonate versus cuprophan membrane dialysis. Blood Purif. 4(1-3), 102–111 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  223. Schulman, G., Fogo, A., Gung, A., et al.: Complement activation retards resolution of acute ischemic renal failure in the rat. Kidney Int. 40(6), 1069–1074 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  224. Schulman, G., Hakim, R., Arias, R., et al.: Bradykinin generation by dialysis membranes: possible role in anaphylactic reaction. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 3(9), 1563–1569 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  225. Schweizer, A., Feige, U., Fontana, A., et al.: Interleukin-1 enhances pain reflexes. Mediation through increased prostaglandin E2 levels. Agents Actions 25(3-4), 246–251 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  226. Showell, H., Glovsky, M., Ward, P.: Morphological changes in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes induced by Ca3 in the presence and absence of cytochalasin. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 69(1), 62–67 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  227. Silber, R., Moldow, C.: Biochemistry and function of neutrophils, composition of neutrophils. In: Williams, W., Brutler, E., Erslev, A., et al. (eds.) Hematology. McGraw-Hill, New York (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  228. Simon, P., Ang, K., Cam, G.: Enhanced platelet aggregation and membrane biocompatibility: possible influence on thrombosis and em-bolism in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 45(2), 172–173 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  229. Smeby, L.C., Widerøe, T.E., Balstad, T., Jørstad, S.: Biocompatibility aspects of cellophane, cellulose acetate, polyacrylonitrile, polysulfone and polycarbonate hemodialyzers. Blood Purif. 4(1-3), 93–101 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  230. Smith, M.C., Danviriyasup, K., Crow, J.W., et al.: Prostacyclin substitution for heparin in long-term hemodialysis. Am. J. Med. 73(5), 669–678 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  231. Sosa, M.A., Balk, E.M., Lau, J., et al.: A systematic review of the effect of the Excebrane dialyser on biomarkers of lipid peroxidation. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 21(10), 2825–2833 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  232. Spagnuolo, P.J., Bass, S.H., Smith, M.C., et al.: Neutrophil adhesiveness during prostacyclin and heparin hemodialysis. Blood 60(4), 924–929 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  233. Speiser, W., Wojta, J., Korninger, C., et al.: Enhanced fibrinolysis caused by tissue plasminogen activator release in hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 32(2), 280–283 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  234. Spencer, P., Schmidt, B., Samtleben, W., et al.: Ex vivo model of hemodialysis membrane biocompatibility. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Internal. Organs 31, 495–498 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  235. Sreeharan, N., Crow, M.J., Salter, M.C., et al.: Membrane effect on platelet function during hemodialysis: a comparison of cuprophan and polycarbonate. Artif. Organs 6(3), 324–327 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  236. Stimler, N.P., Bach, M.K., Bloor, C.M., Hugli, T.E.: Release of leukotrienes from guinea pig lung stimulated by C5a des Arg anaphylatoxin. J. Immunol. 128(5), 2247–2252 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  237. Stimler-Gerard, N.: Immunopharmacology of anaphylatoxin-induced bronchoconstrictor responses. Complement 3, 137–151 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  238. Streicher, E., Schneider, H.: The development of a polysulfone membrane. A new perspective in dialysis. Contrib. Nephrol. 46, 1–13 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  239. Stuard, S., Carreno, M.P., Poignet, J.L., et al.: A major role for CD62P/CD15s interaction in leukocyte margination during hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 48(1), 93–102 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  240. Sweet, S.J., McCarthy, S., Steingart, R., Callahan, T.: Hemolytic reactions mechanically induced by kinked hemodialysis lines. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 27(2), 262–266 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  241. Tielemans, C., Goldman, M., Vanherweghem, J.: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions and hemodialysis. Adv. Nephrol. Necker Hosp. 22, 401–416 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  242. Till, G.O., Johnson, K.J., Kunkel, R., Ward, P.A.: Intravascular activation of complement and acute lung injury. J. Clin. Invest. 69(5), 1126–1135 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  243. Tokars, J.I., Alter, M.J., Favero, M.S., et al.: National surveillance of hemodialysis associated diseases in the United States. ASAIO J. 39(1), 71–80 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  244. Urena, P., Gogusev, J., Valdovinos, R., et al.: Transcriptional induction of TNF-alpha in uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis (Abstract). J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1, 380 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  245. Urena, P., Herbelin, A., Zingraff, J., et al.: Permeability of cellulosic and non-cellulosic membranes to endotoxins and cytokine production. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 7(1), 16–28 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  246. United States Renal Data System (USRDS 2004) Annual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  247. Valeri, A.: Biocompatible membranes in acute renal failure: a study in post-cadaveric renal ransplant acute tubular necrosis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 3, 481 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  248. van Ypersele de Strihou, C., Jadoul, M., Malghem, J., et al.: Effect of dialysis membrane and patient’s age on signs of dialysis-related amyloidosis. The Working Party on Dialysis Amyloidosis. Kidney Int. 39(5), 1012–1019 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  249. Vanholder, R., Ringoir, S., Dhondt, A., Hakim, R.: Phagocytosis in uremic and hemodialysis patients: a prospective and cross sectional study. Kidney Int. 39(2), 320–327 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  250. Vaziri, N., Barton, C., Warner, A., et al.: Comparision of four dialyzer-dialysate combinations: effects on blood gases, cell counts, complement contact factors and fibrinolytic system. Contr. Nephrol. 37, 111–119 (1984a)

    Google Scholar 

  251. Vaziri, N., Toohey, J., Paule, P., et al.: Effect of hemodialysis on contact group of coagulation factors, platelets, and leukocytes. Am. J. Med. 77(3), 437–441 (1984b)

    Google Scholar 

  252. Vicks, S.L., Gross, M.L., Schmitt, G.W.: Massive hemorrhage due to hemodialysis-associated thrombocytopenia. Am. J. Nephrol. 3(1), 30–33 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  253. Vienken, J., Diamantoglou, M., Hahn, C., et al.: Considerations on development aspects of biocompatible dialysis membranes. Artif. Organs 19(5), 398–406 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  254. Vilcek, J., Le, J.: Immunology of cytokines: An introduction. In: Thomson, A. (ed.) The Cytokine Handbook. Academic Press, San Diego (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  255. Villarroel, F., Ciarkowski, A.: A survey on hypersensitivity reactions in hemodialysis. Artif. Organs 9(3), 231–238 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  256. Vincent, C., Chanard, J., Caudwell, V., et al.: Kinetics of 125I-beta 2-microglobulin turnover in dialyzed patients. Kidney Int. 42(6), 1434–1443 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  257. Vroman, L., Adams, A., Klings, M.: Interactions among human blood proteins at interfaces. Fed. Proc. 30(5), 1494–1502 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  258. Walker, J., Lindsay, R., Peters, S., et al.: A sheep model to examine the cardiopulmonary manifestations of blood-dialyzer interactions. Am. Soc. Artif. Internal. Organs 6, 123–130 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  259. Wanner, C., Bahner, U., Mattern, R., et al.: Effect of dialysis flux and membrane material on dyslipidaemia and inflammation in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 19(10), 2570–2575 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  260. Weiss, S., Regiani, S.: Neutrophils degrade subendothelial matrices in the present of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor: cooperative use of lysosomal proteinases and oxygen metabolitews. Clin. Invest. 73(5), 1297–1303 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  261. Wilflingseder, J., Perco, P., Kainz, A., et al.: Biocompatibility of haemodialysis membranes determined by gene expression of human leucocytes: a crossover study. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 38(12), 918–924 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  262. Wilhelmson, S., Asaba, H., Gunnarsson, B., et al.: Measurement of fibrinopeptide A in the evaluation of heparin activity and fibrin formation during hemodialysis. Clin. Nephrol. 15(5), 252–258 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  263. Wilhelmson, S., Ivemark, C., Kudryk, B., et al.: Thrombin activity during hemodialysis: evaluated by the fibrinopeptide A assay: A comparison between a high and a low heparin dose regimen. Throm. Res. 31(5), 685–693 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  264. Wissow, L., Covenberg, R., Burns, R.: Altered leukocyte chemiluminescence during dialysis. J. Clin. Immunol. 1(4), 262–265 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  265. Woo, Y., King, B., Junor, B., et al.: Dialysis with biocompatible membranes may delay recovery of graft function following renal transplantation. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9, 719 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  266. Wright, D., Gallin, J.: Secretroy responses of human neutrophils: Exocytosis of specific (secondary) granules by human neutrophils during adherence in vitro and during exudation in vivo. J. Immunol. 123(1), 285–294 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  267. Yamamoto, K., Matsuda, M., Hirano, A., et al.: Computational evaluation of dialysis fluid flow in dialyzers with variously designed jackets. Artif. Organs 33(6), 481–486 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  268. Yancey, K., Hammer, C., Harvath, L., et al.: Studies of human C5a as a mediator of inflammation in normal human skin. J. Clin. Invest. 75(2), 486–495 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  269. Yokoyama, H., Kawaguchi, T., Wada, T., et al.: Biocompatibility and permeability of dialyzer membranes do not affect anemia, erythropoietin dosage or mortality in japanese patients on chronic non-reuse hemodialysis: a prospective cohort study from the J-DOPPS II study. Nephron Clin. Pract. 109(2), c100–c108 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  270. Zaoui, P.M., Stone, W.J., Hakim, R.M.: Effects of dialysis membranes on beta 2-microglobulin production and cellular expression. Kidney Int. 38(5), 962–968 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  271. Zaoui, P., Green, W., Hakim, R.M.: Hemodialysis with cuprophane membrane modulates interleukin-2 receptor expression. Kidney Int. 39(5), 1020–1026 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  272. Zaoui, P., Hakim, R.M.: Natural killer-cell function in hemodialysis patients: effect of the dialysis membrane. Kidney Int. 43(6), 1298–1305 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  273. Zusman, R.M., Rubin, R.H., Cato, A.E., et al.: Hemodialysis using prostacyclin instead of heparin as the sole antithrombotic agent. N. Engl. J. Med. 304(16), 934–939 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine Klinikum Coburg, Medicine Tufts University, Coburg, Germany

    Orfeas Liangos

  2. Department of Medicine, Medicine St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Boston, USA

    Bertrand L. Jaber

Authors
  1. Orfeas Liangos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bertrand L. Jaber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Orfeas Liangos .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Azar Building, Ahmed Orabi Square, Manouf, Menoufia, Egypt

    Ahmad Taher Azar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Liangos, O., Jaber, B.L. (2013). Dialyzer Structure and Membrane Biocompatibility. In: Azar, A. (eds) Modelling and Control of Dialysis Systems. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27458-9_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27458-9_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-27457-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-27458-9

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation