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Article 6: Rights of Parties at the National Level

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The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

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Abstract

Article 6 basically transposes at the national level the general rule on rights and obligations found in Article 5. During the negotiations, many delegations expressed the view that the general rule on rights and obligations found in Article 5 was a vital element of the proposed Convention. In the text of the Convention that was finally adopted, the importance of the statement concerning the sovereign right of States to formulate and implement their cultural policies in the Convention could not have been made clearer. It appears in Article 1 as a goal of the Convention, in Article 2 as a principle of the Convention and again in Article 5, where it is more fully developed as a right reaffirmed by the Convention. The right in question is not a new right created by the Convention. It is part and parcel of one of the most basic principles of customary international law, that of State sovereignty, which was to become, after the Second World War, one of the pillars of the Charter of the United Nations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See also, comment on Article 5 by Jukka Liedes/Kimmo Aulake.

  2. 2.

    UNESCO (2004). Oral report of the Rapporteur, Mr Artur Wilczynski at the closing session of the first Intergovernmental Meeting of Experts on the Draft Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions. http://www.unesco.org/culture/culturaldiversity/docs_pre_2007/oral_report_wilczynski_en_25092004.pdf, p. 5.

  3. 3.

    Article 2 para. 1 of the Charter states: “The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.”; see also, Fassbender, B., & Bleckmann, A. (2002). Article 2 (1). In B. Simma (Ed.), The Charter of the United Nations. A commentary (pp. 68–91). München: C. H. Beck.

  4. 4.

    See comment on Article 20 by Peter-Tobias Stoll.

  5. 5.

    For a link to the INCP Draft, see Annex of this Commentary.

  6. 6.

    UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPD/2004/CONF.201/1 of July 2004.

  7. 7.

    UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPD/2004/CONF-201/2 of July 2004, pp. 5–6.

  8. 8.

    UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPD/2004/CONF.607/1 of December 2004, Parts II and III. Unpublished document, on file with the author.

  9. 9.

    See comment on Article 20 by Peter-Tobias Stoll.

  10. 10.

    See comment on Article 4 by Nina Obuljen.

  11. 11.

    See comment on Article 3 by Sabine von Schorlemer.

  12. 12.

    See comment on Article 5 by Jukka Liedes/Kimmo Aulake.

  13. 13.

    See comment on Article 8 by Lilian Richieri Hanania/Hélène Ruiz-Fabri.

  14. 14.

    Japan, Turkey, Monaco, for instance, see UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPD/2004/CONF.607/1 of December 2004, Part II, pp. 53–54. Cited material on file with the author.

  15. 15.

    Jamaica for instance, see UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPD/2004/CONF.607/1 of December 2004, Part II, p. 52. Unpublished document, on file with the author.

  16. 16.

    Canada, New paragraphs in Article 6 para. 2, see UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPD/2004/CONF.607/1 of December 2004, Part II, p. 56. Unpublished document, on file with the author.

  17. 17.

    Barbados, Japan, Togo, see UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPD/2004/CONF.607/1 of December 2004, Part II, pp. 54–55. Unpublished document, on file with the author.

  18. 18.

    Yemen, see UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPD/2004/CONF.607/1 of December 2004, Part III, p. 45. Unpublished document, on file with the author.

  19. 19.

    Bernier, I. (2004). Local content requirements for film, radio, and television as a means of protecting cultural diversity: theory and reality. http://www.diversite-culturelle.qc.ca/index.php?id=133&L=1, section 1, p. 11 and section 2, pp. 7–10.

  20. 20.

    Council Directive 89/552/EEC of 3 October 1989, as amended by Directive 2007/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2007.

  21. 21.

    Ministère de la Culture et Communication Français (1999). Sommaire du rapport au parlement 1999. Les quotas de diffusion d’œuvres européennes et francophones à la télévision. http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/dglf/rapport/1999/quotas-diffusion.html

  22. 22.

    United States Department of State (February 2002). 2001 country reports on economic policy and trade practices: Spain. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/8235.pdf

  23. 23.

    Bernier, I. (2004). Local content requirements for film, radio, and television as a means of protecting cultural diversity: theory and reality, section 1, p. 11 and section 2, pp. 7–10. http://www.diversite-culturelle.qc.ca/index.php?id=133&L=1

  24. 24.

    Office of the United States Trade Representative (2009). Final text of Chile FTA. http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/chile-fta/final-text

  25. 25.

    Office of the United States Trade Representative (2009). Final text of Australia FTA. http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/australian-fta

  26. 26.

    Office of the United States Trade Representative (2009). Final text of Australia FTA, Annex 1, Australia, 15. http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/australian-fta

  27. 27.

    See comment on Article 20 by Peter-Tobias Stoll.

  28. 28.

    See comment on Article 4 by Nina Obuljen.

  29. 29.

    Council of Europe (June 2009). The role of independent productions in promoting cultural diversity. CoE Doc. H/Inf (2009)8 of June 2009. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/Doc/H-Inf(2009)8_en.pdf

  30. 30.

    Council of Europe (June 2009). The role of independent productions in promoting cultural diversity. CoE Doc. H/Inf (2009)8 of June 2009. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/Doc/H-Inf(2009)8_en.pdf, p. 5.

  31. 31.

    Directive 2007/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2007.

  32. 32.

    Council of Europe (June 2009). The role of independent productions in promoting cultural diversity. CoE Doc. H/Inf (2009)8 of June 2009. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/Doc/H-Inf(2009)8_en.pdf, p. 7.

  33. 33.

    Council of Europe (June 2009). The role of independent productions in promoting cultural diversity. CoE Doc. H/Inf (2009)8 of June 2009. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/Doc/H-Inf(2009)8_en.pdf, p. 7.

  34. 34.

    European Commission (2009). Audiovisual and media policies. Study on Articles 3i, 4 and 5 of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive. Final study report, pp. 80–84. http://ec.europa.eu/avpolicy/docs/library/studies/art4_5/final_report.pdf

  35. 35.

    ILO (1972). Employment, incomes and equality. A strategy for increasing productive employment in Kenya. Geneva: ILO, p. 5.

  36. 36.

    ILO (1972). Employment, incomes and equality. A strategy for increasing productive employment in Kenya. Geneva: ILO, p. 6; see Bangasser, P. E. (2000). The ILO and the informal sector: an institutional history. Employment Paper 2000/9. ILO, p. 8. Numerous other definitions have been proposed. See also, Chowdhory, H. U. (2005). Development of the concept of the informal sector. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 3(5), 724–732.

  37. 37.

    Union des Créateurs et Entrepreneurs du Cinéma et de l’Audiovisuel de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (2005). Produire et diffuser des films de manière autonome: l’expérience du Nigéria et du Ghana, Troisièmes rencontres “Beaune to Bamako”. http://www.ucecao.com/Beaune_to_Bamako.htm

  38. 38.

    See for an interesting analysis of this phenomenon: Barlet, O. (2006). Cinema: an audience but no market. http://www.sudplanete.net/?menu=arti&no=5851

  39. 39.

    de Soto, H. (1989). The other path: the economic answer to terrorism. New York: Harper Collins.

  40. 40.

    ILO (2000). Employment and social protection in the informal sector. A thematic evaluation of the urban informal sector: ILO action and perspectives. ILO Doc. GB.277/ESP/1/1 of March 2000.

  41. 41.

    WTO (1998). Subsidies for services sectors: information contained in WTO Trade Policy Reviews. WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/25 of 26 January 1998.

  42. 42.

    See comment on Article 14 by Edna dos Santos-Duisenberg.

  43. 43.

    See comment on Article 18 by Roland Bernecker.

  44. 44.

    WTO (1997). Appellate Body Report, Canada—Certain measures concerning periodicals, WTO Doc. WT/DS31/AB/R of 30 June 1997, pp. 32–35.

  45. 45.

    Kakabadse, M. A. (1995). The WTO and the commodification of cultural products: Implications for Asia. Media Asia, 22(2), 71–77.

  46. 46.

    In a 1998 background note prepared by the Secretariat for the Working Party on GATS Rules, which analyzes, on the basis of information provided in the Trade Policy Reviews, subsidies for services sectors, aids to the audiovisual industries occupy a prominent position. See WTO (1998). Subsidies for services sectors: information contained in WTO Trade Policy Reviews. WTO Doc. S/WPGR/W/25 of 26 January 1998.

  47. 47.

    See the note on conceptual issues relating to subsidies prepared by the Secretariat: WTO (1996). Subsidies and trade in services. Note by the Secretariat. WTO Doc. S/WPGR/9 of 6 March 1996; for the most recent report of the Working Party on GATS Rules, dated 24 November 2000, see WTO (2000). Report of the working party on GATS rules to the Council for Trade in Services. WTO Doc. S/WPGR/5 of 14 November 2000; see also, Adlung, R. (2007). Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in services: a never-ending story? Journal of International Economic Law, 10(2), 235–265.

  48. 48.

    WTO (1994). The United States of America—schedule of specific commitments. WTO Doc. GATS/SC/90 of 15 April 1994, p. 46.

  49. 49.

    WTO (1994). New Zealand—schedule of specific commitments. WTO Doc. GATS/SC/62 of 15 April 1994.

  50. 50.

    Gauthier, G. et al. (2000). Déjà vu or new beginning for safeguards and subsidies rules in services trade. In P. Sauvé, & R. M. Stern (Eds), GATS 2000: new directions in services trade liberalization (pp. 165–183). Washington, D.C.: Centre for Business and Government, Harvard University and Brookings Institution Press, p. 107.

  51. 51.

    Non-profit organizations are also mentioned in Article 15 CCD which deals with collaborative arrangements (“Parties shall encourage the development of partnerships, between and within the public and private sectors and non-profit organizations”) and in Article 19 CCD concerned with the exchange, analysis and dissemination of information (para. 3 reads: “UNESCO shall also establish and update a data bank on different sectors and governmental, private and non-profit organizations involved in the area of cultural expressions”).

  52. 52.

    UN (2003). Handbook on non-profit institutions in the system of national accounts. New York: UN.

  53. 53.

    The proposal was made by The Philippines. See UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPD/2004/CONF.607/1 of December 2004, Part III, p. 46–47.

  54. 54.

    UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPD/2004/CONF.607/1 of December 2004, Parts II and III, Part V, p. 38.

  55. 55.

    UNESCO Doc. CLT/CONF/206/9 of 20 June 1997.

  56. 56.

    UNESCO Doc. 166 EX/Decisions of 14 May 2003, Decision 3.4.3.

  57. 57.

    UNESCO Doc. 166 EX/28 of 12 March 2003.

  58. 58.

    UNESCO Doc. 32 C/34 of 17 October 2003.

  59. 59.

    UNESCO. World observatory on the social status of the artist. http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=17931&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

  60. 60.

    The NGOs concerned were the International Music Council (IMC), the NGO-UNESCO Liaison Committee (CLO UNESCO), the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and finally, the International Federation of Musician (IFM), the International Federation of Actors (FIA) and the Union Network International-Media Entertainment (UNI-MEI).

References

  • Adlung, R. (2007). Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in services: A never-ending story? Journal of International Economic Law, 10(2), 235–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bangasser, P. E. (2000). The ILO and the informal sector: an institutional history. Employment Paper 2000/9. ILO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlet, O. (2006). Cinema: An audience but no market. http://www.sudplanete.net/?menu=arti&no=5851.

  • Bernier, I. (2004). Local content requirements for film, radio, and television as a means of protecting cultural diversity: Theory and reality. http://www.diversite-culturelle.qc.ca/index.php?id=133&L=1.

  • Chowdhory, H. U. (2005). Development of the concept of the informal sector. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 3(5), 724–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe (June 2009). The role of independent productions in promoting cultural diversity. CoE Doc. H/Inf (2009)8 of June 2009. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/Doc/H-Inf(2009)8_en.pdf.

  • European Commission. (2009). Audiovisual and media policies. Study on Articles 3i, 4 and 5 of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive. Final study report. http://ec.europa.eu/avpolicy/docs/library/studies/art4_5/final_report.pdf.

  • Fassbender, B., & Bleckmann, A. (2002). Article 2 (1). In B. Simma (Ed.), The Charter of the United Nations. A commentary (pp. 68–91). München: C. H. Beck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, G., et al. (2000). Déjà vu or new beginning for safeguards and subsidies rules in services trade. In P. Sauvé & R. M. Stern (Eds.), GATS 2000: New directions in services trade liberalization (pp. 165–183). Washington, DC: Centre for Business and Government, Harvard University and Brookings Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ILO. (1972). Employment, incomes and equality. A strategy for increasing productive employment in Kenya. Geneva: ILO.

    Google Scholar 

  • ILO. (2000). Employment and social protection in the informal sector. A thematic evaluation of the urban informal sector: ILO action and perspectives. ILO Doc. GB.277/ESP/1/1 of March 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kakabadse, M. A. (1995). The WTO and the commodification of cultural products: Implications for Asia. Media Asia, 22(2), 71–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministère de la Culture et Communication Français. (1999). Sommaire du Rapport au Parlement 1999. Les quotas de diffusion d’œuvres européennes et francophones à la télévision. http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/dglf/rapport/1999/quotas-diffusion.html.

  • de Soto, H. (1989). The other path: The economic answer to terrorism. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN. (2003). Handbook on non-profit institutions in the system of national accounts. New York: UN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Union des Créateurs et Entrepreneurs du Cinéma et de l’Audiovisuel de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. (2005). Produire et diffuser des films de manière autonome: l’expérience du Nigéria et du Ghana, Troisièmes rencontres “Beaune to Bamako”. http://www.ucecao.com/Beaune_to_Bamako.htm.

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    Ivan Bernier

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    Sabine von Schorlemer

  2. , Institute of for International Law, Georg August University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, Göttingen, 37073, Germany

    Peter-Tobias Stoll

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Bernier, I. (2012). Article 6: Rights of Parties at the National Level. In: von Schorlemer, S., Stoll, PT. (eds) The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25995-1_8

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