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Phytohormones and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants pp 125–155Cite as

How Do Lettuce Seedlings Adapt to Low-pH Stress Conditions? A Mechanism for Low-pH-Induced Root Hair Formation in Lettuce Seedlings

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Abstract

Plants are always surrounded by various environmental factors that may act as stressors. Acid rain and acid soil are serious environmental problems that inhibit plant growth. Most studies on acid stress have focused on the toxicity of aluminum (Al) solubilized from the soil by low pH; studies on the effect of low pH alone, however, are limited. Recently, the H+-hypersensitive mutant stop1 was identified. The STOP1 gene is predicted to be involved in signal transduction of H+ and Al tolerance. Analysis of the stop1 mutant facilitated our understanding of the molecular basis of H+ tolerance in plants and the linkage between the H+ and Al toxicity signaling pathways. Low-pH-induced root hair formation in lettuce seedlings is an excellent model for studying adaptation of plants to low-pH stress. Lettuce seedlings form many root hairs at pH 4.0, whereas no root hairs are formed at pH 6.0. Root hairs increase the absorption of water and nutrients from the growth-inhibited main root at pH 4.0. Various key factors in root hair formation have been identified: medium pH, auxin, ethylene, light, cortical microtubule (CMT) randomization, manganese (Mn), sugar, and chlorogenic acid (CGA), all of which interact within a complex network. Light signals are mediated by auxin and ethylene and induce CMT randomization and root hair elongation. Expression of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS), ACC oxidase (ACO), and ethylene receptor gene families is differentially regulated by pH, auxin, ethylene, and light. General opinions on microtubule reorganization and its protection against biotic/abiotic stresses are also reviewed.

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Abbreviations

ACC:

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

ACO:

ACC oxidase

ACS:

ACC synthase

AVG:

Aminoethoxyvinylglycine

CGA:

Chlorogenic acid

CMT:

Cortical microtubule

IAA:

Indole-3-acetic acid

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

PA:

Phosphatidic acid

PCIB:

2-(p-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid

PLD:

Phospholipase D

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SAM:

S-adenosylmethionine

SIMK:

Stress-induced MAPK

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan

    Hidenori Takahashi

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  1. Hidenori Takahashi
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Correspondence to Hidenori Takahashi .

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  1. , Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, University Road, Aligarh, 202002, India

    Nafees A. Khan

  2. , Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, India, University Road, Aligarh, 202002, India

    Rahat Nazar

  3. , Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India

    Noushina Iqbal

  4. , CESAM, University of Aveiro, University street 1, Aveiro, 3810193, Portugal

    Naser A. Anjum

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Takahashi, H. (2012). How Do Lettuce Seedlings Adapt to Low-pH Stress Conditions? A Mechanism for Low-pH-Induced Root Hair Formation in Lettuce Seedlings. In: Khan, N., Nazar, R., Iqbal, N., Anjum, N. (eds) Phytohormones and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25829-9_6

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