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Climate Impacts on the Baltic Sea: From Science to Policy pp 1–43Cite as

International Agreements and Baltic Sea Environmental Management

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Abstract

The development of the ‘ecosystem approach to the management of human activities’ (EAM) is examined as the overarching policy and management concept for conserving healthy and sustainable marine ecosystems, and the goods and services they provide for humanity in the European regional seas. The joint origin of the EAM and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change from the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (‘Rio Earth Summit’) is noted, together with their underpinning by the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle. With reference to the European regional seas, and especially the Baltic Sea, the international ‘instruments’ (e.g. conventions, agreements, guidelines) concerning management of the coastal and offshore marine environment and its living resources are summarily reviewed, and attention drawn to the increasing emphasis being placed on the EAM as the guiding concept for their application. The 2002 North Sea Ministerial Declaration (Fifth International Conference on the Protection of the North Sea) adopted and outlined, for the first time in Europe, the general framework necessary for developing and implementing the EAM. The EAM framework was subsequently incorporated for application in all the European regional seas, and is central in elaborating and making operational the European Union’s primary marine management and policy instruments. The main components of the EAM framework for conserving ecosystem health are examined. The main management forums applying the EAM in the Baltic Sea area are briefly outlined. Finally, the simple, generic ways in which climate change may be addressed across relevant marine-related sectors by mitigation and adaptation are identified, and the importance of ‘linking science and policy’ is emphasized for enhancing management in a medium- to long-term perspective.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Agenda 21, referring to the twenty-first century, is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by UN organizations, governments, and major groups in every area in which humans impact on the environment.

  2. 2.

    The European Economic Community (EEC) was renamed as the European Community (EC) in 1993. The succession of the EC by the European Union (EU) occurred on 1 December due to entering into force of the Treaty of Lisbon on that date.

  3. 3.

    Inter alia: EEC/EC directives and other instruments (e.g. Water Framework Directive, Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, Nitrates Directive, Habitat Directive, Dangerous Substances Directive, Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (IPPC) Directive, European Marine Strategy), European Environment Agency, International Atomic Energy Authority, ICES, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and UN Environment Programme.

  4. 4.

    http://www.flad.pt/documentos/1227109470G4fJQ9kv7Mi01DK7.pdf.

Abbreviations

ASCOBANS:

Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas

BAT:

Best Available Technology

BEP:

Best Environmental Practice

BONUS:

Baltic Organisations Network for Funding Science EEIG

BS:

Baltic Sea

BSAP:

Baltic Sea Action Plan (HELCOM)

BSPA:

Baltic Sea Protected Area (HELCOM)

CBD:

Convention on Biological Diversity

CFP:

Common Fisheries Policy (EU)

CITES:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

COP:

Conference of the Parties

DPSIR:

Drivers-Pressures-Status-Impacts-Responses

EAM:

Ecosystem Approach to Management of Human Activities

EC:

European Community

EcoQO:

Ecological Quality Objective

EEC:

European Economic Community (predecessor to EC and EU)

EEIG:

European Economic Interest Grouping

EEZ:

Exclusive Economic Zone

EIA:

Environmental Impact Assessment

EU:

European Union

FAO:

UN Food and Agriculture Organization

GES:

Good Environmental Status

GEcS:

Good Ecological Status

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

HABITAT:

Nature Protection and Biodiversity Group (HELCOM)

HELCOM:

Helsinki Commission – Baltic Marine Environmental Commission

IBSFC:

International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission (disbanded)

ICES:

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

IMO:

International Maritime Organization (UN)

IPCC:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

JMM:

Joint Ministerial Meeting of HELCOM and OSPAR

LME:

Large Marine Ecosystem

LRP:

Limit Reference Point

MARITIME:

Maritime Group (HELCOM)

MARPOL:

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978

MONAS:

Monitoring and Assessment Group (HELCOM)

MPA:

Marine Protected Area

MSFD:

Marine Strategy Framework Directive

MSY:

Maximum Sustainable Yield

NGO:

Non-Governmental Organization

NOAA:

US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NSC:

North Sea Conference

OSPAR:

OSPAR Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic

PP:

Precautionary Principle

PPP:

Polluter-Pays Principle

RAC:

Regional Advisory Council (for EU fisheries)

RESPONSE:

Response Group (HELCOM)

RTD:

Research and Technological Development

SAC:

Special Area of Conservation

SEA:

Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment

SPA:

Special Protection Area

UN:

United Nations

UNCCD:

UN Convention to Combat Desertification

UNCED:

UN Conference on Environment and Development

UNCLOS:

United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea

UNECE:

UN Economic Commission for Europe

UNEP:

UN Environment Programme

UNFCCC:

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

WFD:

Water Framework Directive

WSSD:

World Summit for Sustainable Development

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Acknowledgements

This paper is based on a lecture given by the author at the summer 2009 Nordic Marine Academy Ph.D. course ‘Climate impacts on the Baltic Sea – from science to policy’ on the island of Bornholm. The initiative and encouragement of Brian MacKenzie, Keith Brander, Anders Omstedt and Marcus Reckermann is gratefully recognized in coordinating the course and helping to focus this lecture. In particular, I thank the referees for their advice in improving the quality of the publication.

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  1. AquaMarine Advisers, Granvägen 20, SE-265 32, Åstorp, Sweden

    Christopher C. E. Hopkins

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  1. Technical University of Denmark, Jaegersborg Allé 1, Charlottenlund, 2920, Denmark

    Keith Brander

  2. Technical University of Denmark, Jaegersborg Allé 1, Charlottenlund, 2920, Denmark

    Brian R. MacKenzie

  3. , Earth Sciences Centre, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, 40530, Sweden

    Anders Omstedt

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Hopkins, C.C.E. (2012). International Agreements and Baltic Sea Environmental Management. In: Brander, K., MacKenzie, B., Omstedt, A. (eds) Climate Impacts on the Baltic Sea: From Science to Policy. Springer Earth System Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25728-5_1

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