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River Dynamics and Integrated River Management pp 193–264Cite as

Debris Flows and Landslides

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Abstract

A landslide is a mass movement occurring on steep slopes under the action of gravity. Debris flow is a distinct type of mass movement commonly triggered by intense rainfall and/or melting snow on steep hill slopes. It differs from landslide in its “flowing” feature. Flow means relative movement in numerous layers of the medium, whereas a slide occurs only along one or several interfaces or beds. The main causes of landslides and avalanches are earthquakes and rainstorms. Disaster chains are initiated by landslides and avalanches. Great landslides resulted in barrier lakes. The stability of a landslide dam depends on the development degree of the step-pool system in the spillway channel on the landslide dam and the highest stream power of flow. Preserved landslide dams may develop into a knickpoint and become a key factor for river pattern establishment and river stability.

Debris flows have buried towns, villages, highways, railways, and farmland, broken bridges and dammed rivers; caused casualties and impaired habitats. Debris flow is extremely unsteady, which is initiated on steep slopes, flows down gullies, and deposits at the mouth of debris flow gullies. Debris flows are classified into pseudo-one-phase debris flows and two-phase debris flows. There is no obvious relative movement between the solid particles and liquid in pseudo-one-phase flow and there is relative movement between the solid phase and liquid phase in two phase debris flow. Pseudo-one-phase debris flows are very non-Newtonian and are characterized by the striking phenomena of intermittent flow, the “bed-paving process,” low resistance and drag reduction, extremely high super-elevation at bends, and well-mixed deposit materials. Two-phase debris flows are composed of stones and gravel as the solid phase and the fluid mixture of water and low concentrations of clay and sand as the liquid phase. They exhibit high, steep heads consisting of rolling, colliding, large gravel, which distinguishes two-phase debris flows from a normal torrential flood. The liquid phase is mostly Newtonian.

Debris flows and landslides are serious challenges in management of mountain rivers. However, they are especially disastrous in China and Japan where the high population and high percentage of mountainous land result in a dangerous mixture. This chapter focuses on the description of the basic characteristics, consequences, and control strategies of debris flows and landslides.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Zhao-Yin Wang

  2. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China

    Joseph H. W. Lee

  3. Greenfield, Wisconsin, 53221, USA

    Charles S. Melching (Environmental Consultant)

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  1. Zhao-Yin Wang
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  2. Joseph H. W. Lee
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Wang, ZY., Lee, J.H.W., Melching, C.S. (2015). Debris Flows and Landslides. In: River Dynamics and Integrated River Management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25652-3_5

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