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Water Quality Management

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Book cover River Dynamics and Integrated River Management

Abstract

This chapter begins by describing some general water quality management problems and the definition of pollution from environmental and economic perspectives. The chapter then focuses on four of the major water pollution problems facing rivers throughout the world: dissolved oxygen (DO), nutrients, waterborne and water contact diseases, and sediment contamination. The DO relations are described through the simple Streeter-Phelps concept relating carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) to DO and the extensions of this concept to nitrogeneous BOD, benthic processes, and photosynthesis and respiration. Dispersion effects on BOD and DO are discussed and then the total, simplified DO balance is presented. Dissolved oxygen standards and the linkage between these standards and habitat are presented. Finally, remedial methods to improve low DO concentrations are discussed.

The discussion of nutrient problems includes eutrophication, methemoglobinemia, and ammonia toxicity in addition to effects of nitrogen on DO previously discussed. Methods of nutrient control also are discussed. The types of waterborne and water contact diseases are discussed. Because it is impractical to sample for all the pathogens that causes these diseases the need for and types of indicator organisms then are discussed. Simulation of indicator bacteria levels is presented, and microbial risk assessment is presented as an alternative or complement to the use of indicator bacteria. Finally, disinfection methods are reviewed. The discussion of sediment contamination focuses on the assessment of the sediment toxicity and the remediation/cleanup methods applied to contaminated sediment. Throughout the chapter examples from around the world are given to illustrate the fundamental problems.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Zhao-Yin Wang

  2. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China

    Joseph H. W. Lee

  3. Greenfield, Wisconsin, 53221, USA

    Charles S. Melching (Environmental Consultant)

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  1. Zhao-Yin Wang
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  2. Joseph H. W. Lee
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  3. Charles S. Melching
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Wang, ZY., Lee, J.H.W., Melching, C.S. (2015). Water Quality Management. In: River Dynamics and Integrated River Management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25652-3_10

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