Abstract
The surface atoms or molecules of liquids or solids have fewer bonds with neighboring atoms, and therefore, they have higher energy than similar atoms and molecules in the interior. This additional energy is characterized quantitatively by the surface tension or free surface energy γ, which is equal to the work that is required to create a unit area of the surface at a constant pressure and temperature.
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Bhushan, B. (2012). Modeling of Contact Angle for a Liquid in Contact with a Rough Surface. In: Biomimetics. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25408-6_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25408-6_3
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