Abstract
Having discussed the need for balancing electrical energy and power with additional technologies that can provide load adaption, transport of electricity from abroad, or storage of electricity, the following chapter provides an overview of technological options. Section 5.1 develops a classification scheme. Individual technologies are discussed in Sects. 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4, following the differentiation of “storage” technologies providing ways from “electricity to electricity”, “electricity to anything” and “anything to electricity”. Section 5.5 summarises options for demand response and demand-side management, including the bundling of individual technologies. The analysis in Sect. 5.6 reveals the life cycle costs of individual storage technologies. These are discussed in the context of different specific tasks involved in balancing energy and power. A central requirement for a system with a high penetration of renewable electricity suppliers and balancing capabilities is the viability of various technologies. Therefore, Sect. 5.7 analyses, to the extent possible, the future viability of relevant technologies. The environmental effects, resource use and system characteristics according to the indicators derived in Sect. 2.2 are considered.
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Notes
- 1.
From a systematic point of view, the solvent is not the electrolyte (even though these terms are used frequently). The function of an electrolyte is to couple the electrodes of an electrochemical system as an ion conductor and at the same time as an insulator for electrons. In redox-flow batteries this is the membrane in the stack that separates the liquid active materials of the positive and the negative electrode.
- 2.
In the framework of the E-DeMa project, more detailed findings on this are expected, based on the experiences of a 9-month field test in 2012.
- 3.
“New Energy Externalities Development for Sustainability” – intergrated project funded by the European Commission in the sixth framework programme.
- 4.
If not differently indicated, the base year 2000 is used for the evaluation of environmental effects.
- 5.
In order to project costs from today to 2050, the growth rate of GDP is assumed to be 2% until 2030 and 1% thereafter, with an income elasticity of 0.85.
- 6.
As no other data are available, for the NiMH battery a dataset for 1 kg of notebook batteries is taken from ecoinvent 2.2.
- 7.
The NiMH battery technology has been left out here because it is not as relevant as the options of lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries and would dominate the results.
- 8.
This depends on the amount of cobalt required for the specific type of Li-ion battery.
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Droste-Franke, B. et al. (2012). Technologies for Balancing Electrical Energy and Power. In: Balancing Renewable Electricity. Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment, vol 40. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25157-3_5
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