Abstract
This chapter discusses disposal to surface water, the most common method of concentrate management. This includes concentrate that is directly disposed of into rivers, creeks, lakes, oceans, bays, and other bodies of water. Concentrate is piped to the site of disposal, where it is discharged to the receiving body of water via an outfall structure. The environmental impacts of surface water disposal may be lessened by diluting the concentrate prior to discharge, or by dilution of the concentrate through the design of the outfall structure and diffusers. Pretreatment processes that lessen the impact on the environment should also be considered.
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Ladewig, B., Asquith, B. (2012). Disposal to Surface Water. In: Desalination Concentrate Management. SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24852-8_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24852-8_4
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