Skip to main content

The Affective Triad: Stimuli, Questionnaires, and Measurements

  • Conference paper
Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII 2011)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNIP,volume 6975))

Abstract

Affective Computing has always aimed to answer the question: which measurement is most suitable to predict the subject’s affective state? Many experiments have been devised to evaluate the relationships among three types of variables (the affective triad): stimuli, self-reports, and measurements. Being the real affective state hidden, researchers have faced this question by looking for the measure most related either to the stimulus, or to self-reports. The first approach assumes that people receiving the same stimulus are feeling the same emotion; a condition difficult to match in practice. The second approach assumes that emotion is what people are saying to feel, and seems more likely.

We propose a novel method, which extends the mentioned ones by looking for the physiological measurement mostly correlated to the self-report due to emotion, not the stimulus. This guarantees to find a measure best related to subject’s affective state.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Stern, J.: Toward a definition of Psychophysiology. Psychophysiology 1(1), 90 (1964)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bradley, M.M., Lang, P.J.: The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) in the Study of Emotion and Attention. In: Coan, J.A., Allen, J.J.B (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kim, K., Bang, S., Kim, S.: Emotion recognition system using short-term monitoring of physiological signals. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 42(3), 419–427 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Van den Broek, E., Westerink, J.: Considerations for emotion-aware consumer products. Applied Ergonomics 40(6), 1055–1064 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Yannakakis, G., Hallam, J.: Entertainment modeling in physical play through physiology beyond heart-rate. In: Paiva, A.C.R., Prada, R., Picard, R.W. (eds.) ACII 2007. LNCS, vol. 4738, pp. 254–265. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy - emotion, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion/

  7. Picard, R., Vyzas, E., Healey, J.: Toward machine emotional intelligence: Analysis of affective physiological state. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1175–1191 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fridlund, A., Schwartz, G., Fowler, S.: Pattern recognition of self-reported emotional state from multiple-site facial EMG activity during affective imagery. Psychophysiology 21(6), 622–637 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cacioppo, J., Tassinary, L., Berntson, G.: Handbook of Psychophysiology, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, New York (2007)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. Rowe, D., Sibert, J., Irwin, D.: Heart rate variability: indicator of user state as an aid to human-computer interaction. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 480–487. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Tognetti, S., Alessandro, C., Bonarini, A., Matteucci, M.: Fundamental issues on the recognition of autonomic patterns produced by visual stimuli. In: Proceeding of the International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, ACII 2009, IEEE, Amsterdam (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Mandryk, R., Inkpen, K.: Physiological indicators for the evaluation of co-located collaborative play. In: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, p. 111. ACM, New York (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Tognetti, S., Garbarino, M., Bonarini, A., Matteucci, M.: Modeling player enjoyment from physiological responses in a car racing game. In: 2010 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG), pp. 321–328. IEEE, Los Alamitos (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Tognetti, S., Garbarino, M., Bonarini, A., Matteucci, M.: Enjoyment recognition from physiological data in a car racing game. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Affective Interaction in Natural Environments, AFFINE 2010, pp. 3–8. ACM, New York (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Likert, R.: A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology 140, 1–55 (1932)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bradley, M., Lang, P.: Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 25(1), 49–59 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Calvo, R., D’Mello, S.: Affect detection: An interdisciplinary review of models, methods, and their applications. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 18–37 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Yannakakis, G., Martínez, H., Jhala, A.: Towards affective camera control in games. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 20(4), 313–340 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ortony, A., Clore, G., Collins, A.: The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge Univ. Pr., Cambridge (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Martınez, H., Hullett, K., Yannakakis, G.: Extending Neuro-evolutionary Preference Learning through Player Modeling. In: 2010 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games, CIG (2010)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Tognetti, S., Garbarino, M., Matteucci, M., Bonarini, A. (2011). The Affective Triad: Stimuli, Questionnaires, and Measurements. In: D’Mello, S., Graesser, A., Schuller, B., Martin, JC. (eds) Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction. ACII 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6975. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24571-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24571-8_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-24570-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-24571-8

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics