Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Advanced Nanostructured Surfaces for the Control of Biofouling: Cell Adhesions to Three-Dimensional Nanostructures

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Green Tribology

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

Abstract

In marine environments or industrial water systems, microorganisms are likely to adhere onto surfaces and form biofilms. Such biofouling creates significant adverse effects, e.g., increases flow friction by roughening surfaces. Previous studies demonstrated the effectiveness of surface microstructures on the prevention of biofouling, which is also closely associated with the surface energy and wettability. Unfortunately, the study of the anti-biofouling property of the micro- and nanostructured surfaces with regulated surface wettability is underperformed at present. In this paper, we report on the bio-adhesions of various cell types on nanoengineered surfaces with dense-array nanostructures whose physical and chemical properties are systematically controlled for the prevention of biofouling. Two nanopatterns (pillar and grating) with varying three-dimensionalities (e.g., structural heights are varied from 50 to 500 nm while the pattern periodicity is fixed at 230 nm) are tested in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface conditions. The structural tips are especially sharpened (<10 nm in tip radius) to minimize the cell contact to the substrate and potentially biofouling. The experimental results show that cells were much smaller and their proliferation significantly lower on taller nanostructures in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface conditions. Cells were found levitated by sharp tips and easily peeled off, i.e., their adherence to the sharp-tip tall nanostructures was relatively weak regardless of the surface wettability. The ability to control adherence and growth of cells by nanoscale surface topographies can empower the micro- and nanotechnology-based materials, devices, and systems for anti-biofouling and anti-microbial applications. The knowledge obtained through this investigation will also be useful in engineering problems that involve contact with biological substances and in the development of energy efficient surfaces for green tribology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. G.G. Geesey, Z. Lewandowski, H.-C. Flemming, Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  2. M. Fingerman, R. Nagabhushanam, M.-F. Thompson, Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology: Biofilms, Bioadhesion, Corrosion, and Biofouling (Science Publishers, Enfield, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. Walker, S. Surman, J. Jass, Industrial Biofouling: Detection, Prevention and Control (Wiley, Chichester, 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  4. A.I. Raikin, Marine Biofouling: Colonization Processes and Defenses (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2003)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Z. Lewandowski, P. Stoodley, Flow induced vibrations, drag force, and pressure drop in conduits covered biofilm. Wat. Sci. Tech. 32, 19–26 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. P. Stoodley, Z. Lewandowski, J.D. Boyle, H.M. Lappin-Scott, Oscillation characteristics of biofilm streamers in turbulent flowing water as related to drag and pressure drop. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 57, 536–544 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. M.P. Schultz, G.W. Swain, The influence of biofilms on skin friction drag. Biofouling 15, 129–139 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. E.R. Holm, M.P. Schultz, E.G. Haslbeck, W.J. Talbott, A.J. Field, Evaluation of hydrodynamic drag on experimental fouling-release surfaces, using rotating disks. Biofouling 20, 219–226 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. M.P. Schultz, Effects of coating roughness and biofouling on ship resistance and powering. Biofouling 23, 331–341 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. A.F. Barton, M.R. Wallis, J.E. Sargison, A. Buia, G.J. Walker, Hydraulic roughness of biofouled pipes, biofilm character, and measured improvements from cleaning. J. Hydraul. Eng. 134, 852–857 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. R.L. Townsin, The ship hull fouling penalty. Biofouling 19, 9–15 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. M.E. Callow, Marine biofouling: a sticky problem. Biologist 49, 1–5 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  13. D. Howell, B. Behrends, A review of surface roughness in antifouling coatings illustrating the importance of cutoff length. Biofouling 22, 401–410 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. J.A. Lewis, Marine biofouling and its prevention on underwater surfaces. Mater. Forum 22, 41–61 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  15. J.A. Lewis, Antifoulings: towards and beyond the global TBT ban. Ships Ports 12, 28 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  16. M.E. Callow, Ship-fouling: the problem and methods of control. Biodeterior. Abstr 10, 411–421 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  17. A.S. Clare, Towards nontoxic antifouling. J. Mar. Biotech. 6, 3–6 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  18. P.E. Dyrynda, Defensive strategies of modular organisms. Philos. TR. Soc. B 313, 227–243 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Andersson, K. Berntsson, P. Jonsson, P. Gatenholm, Microtextured surfaces: towards macrofouling resistant coatings. Biofouling 14, 167–178 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. P. Ball, Shark skin and other solutions. Nature (London) 400, 507–508 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. A.V. Bers, M. Wahl, The influence of natural surface microtopographies on fouling. Biofouling 20, 43–51 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. L. Hoipkemeier-Wilson, J.F. Schumacher, M.L. Carman, A.L. Gibson, A.W. Feinberg, M.E. Callow, J.A. Finlay, J.A. Callow, A.B. Brennan, Antifouling potential of lubricious, micro-engineered, PDMS elastomers against zoospores of the green fouling alga Ulva (Enteromorpha). Biofouling 20, 53–63 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. H. Zhang, R. Lamb, J. Lewis, Engineering nanoscale roughness on hydrophobic surface—Preliminary assessment of fouling behaviour. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mat. 6, 236–239 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. G.A. Abrams, S.L. Goodman, P.F. Nealey, M. Franco, C.J. Murphy, Nanoscale topography of the basement membrane underlying the corneal epithelium of the rhesus macaque. Cell Tissue Res. 299, 39–46 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. E. Cukierman, R. Pankov, D.R. Stevens, K.M. Yamada, Taking cell-matrix adhesions to the third dimension. Science 294, 1708–1712 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. E. Cukierman, R. Pankov, K.M. Yamada, Cell interactions with three-dimensional matrices. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14, 633–639 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. C.-H. Choi, C.-J. Kim, Fabrication of dense array of tall nanostructures over a large sample area with sidewall profile and tip sharpness control. Nanotechnology 17, 5326–5333 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. C.-H. Choi, S.H. Hagvall, B.M. Wu, J.C.Y. Dunn, R.E. Beygui, C.-J. Kim, Cell interaction with three-dimensional sharp-tip nanotopography. Biomaterials 28, 1672–1679 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. S.H. Hagvall, C.-H. Choi, J.C.Y. Dunn, S. Heydarkhan, K. Schenke-Layland, W.R. MacLellan, R.E. Beygui, Influence of systematically varied nano-scale topography on cell morphology and adhesion. Cell Comm. Adhes. 14, 181–194 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. C.-H. Choi, S.H. Hagvall, B.M. Wu, J.C.Y. Dunn, R.E. Beygui, C.-J. Kim, Cell growth as a sheet on three-dimensional sharp-tip nanostructures. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 89, 804–817 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  31. I. Wathuthanthri, W. Mao, C.H. Choi, Two degrees-of-freedom Lloyd-mirror interferometer for superior pattern coverage area. Opt. Lett. 36(9), 1593–1595 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. M.J. Dalby, C.C. Berry, M.O. Riehle, D.S. Sutherland, H. Agheli, A.S.G. Curtis, Attempted endocytosis of nano-environment produced by colloidal lithography by human fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res. 295, 387–394 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. A.S.G. Curtis, M.J. Dalby, N. Gadegaard, Nanoimprinting onto cells. J. R. Soc. Interface 3, 393–398 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. U. Gimsa, A. Iglic, S. Fiedler, M. Zwanzig, V. Kralj-Iglic, L. Jonas, J. Gimsa, Actin is not required for nanotubular protrusions of primary astrocytes grown on metal nano-lawn. Mol. Membr. Biol. 24, 243–255 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. S. Nomura, H. Kojima, Y. Ohyabu, K. Kuwabara, A. Miyauchi, T. Uemura, Cell culture on nanopillar sheet: study of HeLa cells on nanopillar sheet. Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 44, L1184–L1186 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. A.I. Teixeira, G.A. Abrams, P.J. Bertics, C.J. Murphy, P.F. Nealey, Epithelial contact guidance on well-defined micro- and nanostructured substrates. J. Cell Sci. 116(10), 1881–1892 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. R. Lipowsky, The conformation of membranes. Nature (London) 349, 475–481 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. N.W. Karuri, S. Liliensiek, A.I. Teixeria, G. Abrams, S. Campbell, P.F. Nealey, C.J. Murphy, Biological length scale topography enhanced cell-substratum adhesion of human corneal epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 117, 3153–3164 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. A.I. Teixeira, P.F. Nealey, C.J. Murphy, Responses of human keratocytes to micro- and nanostructured substrates. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 71A, 369–376 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. L. Chou, J.D. Firth, V.J. Uitto, D.M. Brunette, Substratum surface topography alters cell shape and regulates fibronectin mRNA level, mRNA stability, secretion and assembly in human fibroblasts. J. Cell Sci. 108, 1563–1573 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  41. A.S.G. Curtis, B. Casey, J.O. Gallgher, D. Pasqui, M.A. Wood, C.D.W. Wilkinson, Substratum nanotopography and the adhesion of biological cells. Are symmetry or regularity of nanotopography important? Biophys. Chem. 94, 275–283 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. P.T. Ohara, R.C. Buck, Contact guidance in vitro: a light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopic study. Exp. Cell Res. 121, 235–249 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. C.-H. Choi, C.-J. Kim, Large slip of aqueous liquid flow over a nanoengineered superhydrophobic surface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 066001 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. C.-H. Choi, U. Ulmanella, J. Kim, C.-M. Ho, C.-J. Kim, Effective slip and friction reduction in nanograted superhydrophobic microchannels. Phys. Fluids 18, 087105 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. S. Turner, L. Kam, M. Isaacson, H.G. Craighead, W. Shain, J. Turner, Cell attachment on silicon nanostructures. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 15, 2848–2854 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. M.J. Dalby, D. Pasqui, S. Affrossman, Cell response to nano-islands produced by polymer demixing: a brief review. IEE Proc. Nanobiotechnol. 151, 53–61 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. M.J. Dalby, M.O. Riehle, D.S. Sutherland, H. Agheli, A.S.G. Curtis, Fibroblast response to a controlled nanoenvironment produced by colloidal lithography. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 69A, 314–322 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. M.J. Dalby, M.O. Riehle, D.S. Sutherland, H. Agheli, A.S.G. Curtis, Changes in fibroblast morphology in response to nano-columns produced by colloidal lithography. Biomaterials 25, 5415–5422 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. D.-H. Kim, P. Kim, I. Song, J.M. Cha, S.H. Lee, B. Kim, K.Y. Suh, Guided three-dimensional growth of functional cardiomyocytes on polyethylene glycol nanostructures. Langmuir 22, 5419–5426 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. C.C. Berry, M.J. Dalby, D. McCloy, S. Affrossman, The fibroblast response to tubes exhibiting internal nanotopography. Biomaterials 26, 4985–4992 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. M.A. Wood, D.O. Meredith, G.Rh. Owen, Steps toward a model nanotopography. IEEE Trans. Nanobios. 1, 133–140 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. C.C. Berry, S. Rudershausen, J. Teller, A.S.G. Curtis, The influence of elastin-coated 520-nm- and 20-nm-diameter nanoparticles on human fibroblasts in vitro. IEEE Trans. Nanobios. 1, 105–109 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. K.-B. Lee, S.-J. Park, C.A. Mirkin, J.C. Smith, M. Mrksich, Protein nanoarrays generated by dip-pen nanolithography. Science 295, 1702–1705 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. M. Arnold, E.A. Cavalcanti-Adam, R. Glass, J. Blummel, W. Eck, M. Kantlehner, H. Kessler, J.P. Spatz, Activation of integrin function by nanopatterned adhesive interfaces. Chem. Phys. Chem. 5, 383–388 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. M.A. Wood, C.D.W. Wilkinson, A.S.G. Curtis, The effects of colloidal nanotopography on initial fibroblast adhesion and morphology. IEEE Trans. Nanobios. 5, 20–31 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. J.M. Rice, J.A. Hunt, J.A. Gallagher, P. Hanarp, D.S. Sutherland, J. Gold, Quantitative assessment of the response of primary derived human osteoblasts and macrophages to a range of nanotopography surfaces in a single culture model in vitro. Biomaterials 24, 4799–4818 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. A.-S. Andersson, F. Backhed, A. von Euler, A. Richter-Dahlfors, D. Sutherland, B. Kasemo, Nanoscale features influence epithelial cell morphology and cytokine production. Biomaterials 24, 3427–3436 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. A.-S. Andersson, P. Olsson, U. Lidberg, D. Sutherland, The effects of continuous and discontinuous groove edges on cell shape and alignment. Exp. Cell Res. 288, 177–188 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. J.O. Gallagher, K.F. McGhee, C.D.W. Wilkinson, M.O. Riehle, Interaction of animal cells with ordered nanotopography. IEEE Trans. Nanobios. 1, 24–28 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. A.S.G. Curtis, N. Gadegaard, M.J. Dalby, M.O. Riehle, C.D.W. Wilkinson, G. Aitchison, Cells react to nanoscale order and symmetry in their surroundings. IEEE Trans. Nanobios. 3, 61–65 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. M.J. Dalby, N. Gadegaard, M.O. Riehle, C.S.W. Wilkinson, A.S.G. Curtis, Investigating filopodia sensing using arrays of defined nano-pits down to 35 nm diameter in size. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 36, 2005–2015 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. E. Martines, K. McGhee, C. Wilkinson, A. Curtis, A parallel-plate flow chamber to study initial cell adhesion on a nanofeatured surface. IEEE Trans. Nanobios. 3, 90–95 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. S.C. Bayliss, P.J. Harris, L.D. Buckberry, C. Rousseau, Phosphate and cell growth on nanostructured semiconductors. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 16, 737–740 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. S.C. Bayliss, R. Heald, D.I. Fletcher, L.D. Buckberry, The culture of mammalian cells on nanostructured silicon. Adv. Mater. 11, 318–321 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. S.C. Bayliss, L.D. Buckberry, I. Fletcher, M.J. Tobin, The culture of neurons on silicon. Sensor Actuat. A 74, 139–142 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. S.C. Bayliss, L.D. Buckberry, P.J. Harris, M. Tobin, Nature of the silicon-animal cell interface. J. Porous Mat. 7, 191–195 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. A.H. Mayne, S.C. Bayliss, P. Barr, M. Tobin, L.D. Buckberry, Biologically interfaced porous silicon devices. Phys. Stat. Sol. A 182, 505–513 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. A.V. Sapelkin, S.C. Bayliss, B. Unal, A. Charalambou, Interaction of B50 rat hippocampal cells with stain-etched porous silicon. Biomaterials 27, 842–846 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. P. Clark, P. Connolly, A.S.G. Curtis, J.A.T. Dow, C.D.W. Wilkinson, Cell guidance by ultrafine topography in vitro. J. Cell Sci. 99, 73–77 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  70. B. Zhu, Q. Zhang, Q. Lu, Y. Xu, J. Yin, J. Hu, Z. Wang, Nanotopographical guidance of C6 glioma cell alignment and oriented growth. Biomaterials 25, 4215–4223 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. N.W. Karuri, S. Liliensiek, A.I. Teixeira, G. Abrams, S. Campbell, P.F. Nealey, C.J. Murphy, Biological length scale topography enhances cell-substratum adhesion of human corneal epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 117, 3153–3164 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. B. Zhu, Q. Lu, J. Yin, J. Hu, Z. Wang, Alignment of osteoblast-like cells and cell-produced collagen matrix induced by nanogrooves. Tissue Eng. 11, 825–834 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. H. Baac, J.-H. Lee, J.M. Seo, T.H. Park, H. Chung, S.-D. Lee, S.J. Kim, Submicron-scale topographical control of cell growth using holographic surface relief grating. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 24, 209–212 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. E.K.F. Yim, R.M. Reano, S.W. Pang, A.F. Yee, C.S. Chen, K.W. Leong, Nanopattern-induced changes in morphology and motility of smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 26, 5405–5413 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. M.P. Mattson, R.C. Haddon, A.M. Rao, Molecular functionalization of carbon nanotubes and use as substrates for neuronal growth. J. Mol. Neurosci. 14, 175–182 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. K.L. Elias, R.L. Price, T.J. Webster, Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanometer diameter carbon fibers. Biomaterials 23, 3279–3287 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. T.J. Webster, M.C. Waid, J.L. McKenzie, R.L. Price, J.U. Ejiofor, Nano-biotechnology: carbon nanofibres as improved neural and orthopaedic implants. Nanotechnology 15, 48–54 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. J.L. McKenzie, M.C. Waid, R. Shi, T.J. Webster, Decreased functions of astrocytes on carbon nanofiber materials. Biomaterials 25, 1309–1317 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. R.L. Price, K. Ellison, K.M. Haberstroh, T.J. Webster, Nanometer surface roughness increases select osteoblast adhesion on carbon nanofiber compacts. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 70A, 129–138 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. H. Hu, Y. Ni, V. Montana, R.C. Haddon, V. Parpura, Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes as substrates for neuronal growth. Nano Lett. 4, 507–511 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. H. Hu, Y. Ni, S.K. Mandal, V. Montana, B. Zhao, R.C. Haddon, V. Parpura, Polyethyleneimine functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as a substrate for neuronal growth. J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 4285–4289 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. L. Zanello, B. Zhao, H. Hu, R.C. Haddon, Bone cell proliferation on carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 6, 562–567 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. R.A. MacDonald, B.F. Laurenzi, G. Viswanathan, P.M. Ajayan, J.P. Stegemann, Collagen-carbon nanotube composite materials as scaffolds in tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 74A, 489–496 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. A.V. Liopo, M.P. Stewart, J. Hudson, J.M. Tour, T.C. Pappas, Biocompatibility of native and functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes for neuronal interface. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 6, 1365–1374 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. T.J. Webster, R.W. Siegel, R. Bizios, Osteoblast adhesion on nanophase ceramics. Biomaterials 20, 1221–1227 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. T.J. Webster, C. Ergun, R.H. Doremus, R.W. Siegel, R. Bizios, Specific proteins mediate enhanced osteoblast adhesion on nanophase ceramics. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 51, 475–483 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. T.J. Webster, C. Ergun, R.H. Doremus, R.W. Siegel, R. Bizios, Enhanced osteoclast-like cell functions on nanophase ceramics. Biomaterials 22, 1327–1333 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. A. Thapa, T.J. Webster, K.M. Haberstroh, Polymers with nano-dimensional surface features enhance bladder smooth muscle cell adhesion. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 67A, 1374–1383 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. A. Thapa, D.C. Miller, T.J. Webster, K.M. Haberstroh, Nano-structured polymers enhance bladder smooth muscle cell function. Biomaterials 24, 2915–2926 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. D.C. Miller, A. Thapa, K.M. Haberstroh, T.J. Webster, Endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell function on poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) with nano-structured surface features. Biomaterials 25, 53–61 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Y.W. Fan, F.Z. Cui, S.P. Hou, Q.Y. Xu, L.N. Chen, I.-S. Lee, Culture of neural cells on silicon wafers with nano-scale surface topograph. J. Neurosci. Methods 120, 17–23 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. T.A. Desai, Micro- and nanoscale structures for tissue engineering constructs. Med. Eng. Phys. 22, 595–606 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. A. Curtis, C. Wilkinson, Nanotechniques and approaches in biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 19, 97–101 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. A. Curtis, M. Riehle, Tissue engineering: the biophysical background. Phys. Med. Biol. 46, R47–R65 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Nanoscale Interdisciplinary Research Teams Grant 0103562. The authors thank Profs. Benjamin Wu and James Dunn for numerous assistance and discussions as this work evolved and Dr. Sepideh Hagvall for the help in the cell culture and data collection/interpretation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA

    Chang-Hwan Choi

  2. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Chang-Jin Kim

Authors
  1. Chang-Hwan Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chang-Jin Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chang-Hwan Choi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, North Cramer Street 3200, Milwaukee, 53211-0413, Wisconsin, USA

    Michael Nosonovsky

  2. Nanoprobe Lab. for Bio- & Nanotechnology, Biomimetics (NLB²), Ohio State University, West 19th Avenue 201, Columbus, 43210-1142, Ohio, USA

    Bharat Bhushan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Choi, CH., Kim, CJ. (2012). Advanced Nanostructured Surfaces for the Control of Biofouling: Cell Adhesions to Three-Dimensional Nanostructures . In: Nosonovsky, M., Bhushan, B. (eds) Green Tribology. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23681-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23681-5_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-23680-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-23681-5

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation