Recruitment and Use of ‘Child Soldiers’ in Hostilities by Armed Groups/Forces Committing Mass Atrocity and/or Genocide as Itself a Form of Genocide

Grover, Sonja C.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23614-3_3

Sonja C. Grover²

1203 Accesses

Abstract

The Convention on the Punishment and Prevention of the Crime of Genocide (hereafter the ‘Genocide Convention’) stipulates at Article 2 (e) that the forcible transfer of children of one group to another with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group is a form of genocide

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Notes

1.
Cited at Nicholas (2005), p. 97.
2.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
3.
The Trial of German Major War Criminals Judgment, Cited in Aptel (2010), p. 13.
4.
Prosecutor v Akayesu (Appeal Judgment, paras 731–732).
5.
Genocide Convention (1951).
6.
Rome Statute (2002), Article 6(e).
7.
Prosecutor v Akayesu (1998), para 497.
8.
Prosecutor v Akayesu (1998), para 511.
9.
Prosecutor v Akayesu (1998), para 516.
10.
Prosecutor v Akayesu (1998), paras 80–81.
11.
Prosecutor v Akayesu (1998), para 128.
12.
Amnesty International (1999), p. 33.
13.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(b).
14.
Amnesty International (1999), p. 33.
15.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(a).
16.
Dallaire (2010).
17.
MacKinnon (2006), p. 224.
18.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
19.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
20.
Amnesty International (1999), p. 39.
21.
United Nations (Ten stories the world should hear more about (n.d.)).
22.
Hyun (2007).
23.
Prosecutor v Akayesu (1998), para 516.
24.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
25.
MacKinnon (2006), p. 225.
26.
Compare to MacKinnon (2006), p. 225.
27.
Genocide Convention (1951), Articles 2(d) and 2(e).
28.
Prosecutor v Akayesu (1998), para 516.
29.
Von Joeden-Forgey (2010), p. 8.
30.
Von Joeden-Forgey (2010), p. 3.
31.
Von Joeden-Forgey (2010), p. 3.
32.
Von Joeden-Forgey (2010), p. 2.
33.
Von Joeden-Forgey (2010), p. 4.
34.
Mundorff (2009), p. 92.
35.
Human Rights Watch (2002), p. 94.
36.
Human Rights Watch (2002), pp. 160–161.
37.
Von Joeden-Forgey (2010), p. 3.
38.
MacKinnon (2006), p. 232.
39.
MacKinnon (2006), p. 38.
40.
Schneider (2010), p. 323.
41.
Abed (2006), p. 310.
42.
Prosecutor v Akayesu, ICTR (1998), para 521.
43.
Abed (2006), p. 310.
44.
Protocol I Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions (1977).
45.
Protocol II Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions (1977).
46.
Rome Statute (2002).
47.
OP-CRC-AC (2002).
48.
This includes also those recruited for use in non-combat support roles such as cooks, porters, spies etc. as well as children used for sexual purposes who accompany the armed unit.
49.
Genocide Convention (1951).
50.
Rome Statue (2002).
51.
Mundorff (2009), p. 92.
52.
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990), Article 1.
53.
Mundorff (2009), p. 92.
54.
Mundorff (2009), p. 92, fn 187.
55.
Preparatory Commission for the ICC (2000, Elements of the Crime Re Article 6(e)).
56.
Mundorff (2009), p. 92.
57.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2.
58.
Rome Statute Elements of the Crime (Rule 9).
59.
Rome Statute Elements of the Crime (Article 6(e), FN 5).
60.
Amnesty International (1999), pp. 32–33.
61.
Amnesty International (1999), p. 33.
62.
UNICEF (1996).
63.
Ingelaere (2009).
64.
Rivard (2010).
65.
Rivard (2010).
66.
Rivard (2010).
67.
Rivard (2010).
68.
Rivard (2010).
69.
Amnesty International (1999), p. 37.
70.
Schneider (2010), p. 323.
71.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
72.
Mundorff (2009), p. 74.
73.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
74.
Grover (2011a).
75.
Mundorff (2009), p. 79.
76.
Mundorff (2009), p. 80.
77.
Cited at Mundorff (2009), p. 81.
78.
Preparatory Commission for the ICC (2000).
79.
Amnesty International (Amnesty 1999), pp. 38–39.
80.
Rivard (2010).
81.
Mundorff (2009), p. 99.
82.
Prosecutor v Akayesu (1998).
83.
Genocide Convention (1951).
84.
Van Krieken (2004), p. 135.
85.
Van Krieken (2004), p. 136.
86.
Van Krieken (2004), pp. 135–136.
87.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1980), Article 32.
88.
Rome Statute (2002), Article 6(e).
89.
Genocide Convention (1951).
90.
Mundorff (2009), p. 78.
91.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
92.
Hart (2006), p. 223.
93.
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990).
94.
Rome Statute (2002), Article 21 (b).
95.
ICRC (Martens Clause, 1997).
96.
ICRC (Martens Clause, 1997).
97.
Genocide Convention (1951).
98.
Genocide Convention (1951).
99.
Genocide Convention (1951).
100.
Genocide Convention (1951).
101.
Genocide Convention (1951).
102.
Genocide Convention (1951).
103.
Genocide Convention (1951).
104.
Mundorff (2009), pp. 88–89, FN 163.
105.
Genocide Convention (1951).
106.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
107.
Compare Dwyer (2006).
108.
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990), Article 7.
109.
ICRC (Ticehurst 1997).
110.
Protocols I and II Additional to the Geneva Conventions (1977).
111.
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990).
112.
OP-CRC-AC (2002).
113.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
114.
UNICEF (Innocenti Research Centre 2010, p. 4).
115.
Fox (2005).
116.
Protocol I Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions (1977).
117.
Protocol II Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions (1977).
118.
Genocide Convention (1951).
119.
Schabas (1999), p. 382.
120.
Genocide Convention (1951).
121.
Genocide Convention (1951).
122.
Mundorff (2009), p. 89.
123.
Wouters and Verhoeven (2010), pp. 7–8.
124.
Prosecutor v Akayesu, (1998), para 702.
125.
Genocide Convention (1951).
126.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
127.
Mundorff (2009), p. 93.
128.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
129.
Mundorff (2009), pp. 92–93.
130.
Mundorff (2009), p. 90.
131.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
132.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
133.
Mundorff (2009), p. 125.
134.
Mundorff (2009), p. 102.
135.
Oh (2003), para 12.
136.
Oh (2003), paras 13–14.
137.
Genocide Convention (1951).
138.
Mundorff (2009), p. 116.
139.
Rome Statute (2002), Article 30.
140.
Abed (2006), p. 310.
141.
MacKinnon (2006), p. 229.
142.
Abed (2006), p. 310.
143.
MacKinnon (2006), p. 232.
144.
MacKinnon (2006), p. 232.
145.
UN Doc. A/RES/60/1 (2005).
146.
Statute of the ICTR (1994).
147.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
148.
Rome Statute (2002), Article 6(e).
149.
Statute of the ICTR (1994).
150.
Prosecutor v Joseph Kanyabashi ICTR-9-15 (2000), para 1.13, p. 5.
151.
Prosecutor v Joseph Kanyabashi ICTR-9-15 (2000), para 1.17, p. 7.
152.
Statute of the ICTR (1994), Article 2(e).
153.
Prosecutor v Joseph Kanyabashi ICTR-9-15 (2000), para 6.66, p. 40.
154.
Von Joeden-Forgey (2010), p. 5.
155.
Compare Von Joeden-Forgey (2010), p. 6.
156.
Zarifis (2002).
157.
Romero (2004), p. 5.
158.
Romero (2004), p. 10.
159.
Romero (2004), p. 3.
160.
Rome Statute (2002), Article 31(1)(d).
161.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
162.
Rome Statute Elements of the Crime (Article 6(e), FN 5).
163.
Prosecutor v Taylor SCSL 03-01-PT (2007), Para 22 at p. 7.
164.
Statute of the SCSL (2002).
165.
Fox (2005), p. 41.
166.
Genocide Convention (1951, Article 2(e)).
167.
Romero (2004), p. 5.
168.
Fox (2005), p. 41.
169.
Drumbl (2009).
170.
UNICEF (2005).
171.
Honwana (2006).
172.
Romero (2004), p. 3.
173.
Elements of the Crime of Genocide, Introduction (Rome Statute, 2002).
174.
Lemkin (1944), p. 79.
175.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
176.
The Prosecutor v. Slobodan Milosevic (decision; motion for acquittal) (2004).
177.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
178.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
179.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
180.
Mundorff (2009), p. 91.
181.
Grover (2011a).
182.
Genocide Convention (151, Article 2(e)).
183.
Abed (2006), p. 309.
184.
Stanton (2005).
185.
Singleterry (2010).
186.
Rome Statute (2002), Article 7(1)(d).
187.
Genocide Convention (1951), Article 2(e).
188.
Updated Statute of the ICTY (2009).
189.
Updated Statute of the ICTY (2009), Article 4(2)(e).
190.
Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro (ICJ, 26 February, 2007).
191.
Grover (2011a).
192.
Von Joeden-Forgey (2010), p. 7.
193.
Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro (2007), paras 366–367.
194.
Von Joeden-Forgey (2010), p. 8.
195.
Von Joeden-Forgey (2010), p. 8.
196.
Von Joeden-Forgey (2010), p. 8.
197.
Schabas (2009), p. 179.
198.
Schabas (2009), p. 179.
199.
ICC Second Warrant of Arrest for Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir (12 July, 2010).
200.
ICC Second Warrant of Arrest for Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir (12 July, 2010 at p. 6).
201.
ICC Second Warrant of Arrest for Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir (12 July, 2010 at p. 8).
202.
See Mundorff (2009), p. 79 FN 105–106.
203.
Genocide Convention (1951).
204.
Mundorff (2009), p. 79.
205.
ICID (2005) para 494.
206.
Dissenting opinion ICJ Justice Mahiou in Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro (2007).
207.
See ICJ Dissenting opinion Justice Mahiou (2007), para 90.
208.
Prosecutor v Momir Nikolic (ICTY Trial Judgment, 2003).

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Sonja C. Grover

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Grover, S.C. (2012). Recruitment and Use of ‘Child Soldiers’ in Hostilities by Armed Groups/Forces Committing Mass Atrocity and/or Genocide as Itself a Form of Genocide. In: Child Soldier Victims of Genocidal Forcible Transfer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23614-3_3

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