Abstract
This chapter analyses some of the reasons why lawyers have seen fit to seek involvement in mediation activities. In particular it focuses on the idea that lawyers have deliberately sought to co-opt the mediation field and claim it as part of their own legitimate professional activities at the expense of other would-be mediation practitioners. Aside from professional moves to protect existing practice turfs and stake a claim to new business the chapter also discusses other reasons why lawyers may have entered the mediation field including, a genuine commitment to the goals of the process; belief in the practical benefits of mediation; seeking out new, more rewarding work; and responding to the needs of clients. The chapter also reviews some of the strategies and techniques that lawyers across the globe have used in gaining a foothold in the field often at the expense of non-lawyer mediators such as defensive marketing and claiming ownership through professional bodies, domination of approved rosters, lobbying legislatures for rights to restrictive rights to practice mediation and lawyer ‘shopping’ for lawyer-mediators.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The mediation field generally has been characterised by much internal squabbling by competitors trying to establish a power base in the field—for a potted discussion see Parkinson (2010).
- 2.
- 3.
We should also remember that the motives of individual lawyers in this regard may also deviate sharply from those of professional bodies.
- 4.
Dezalay (1991), p. 795.
- 5.
Abbot (1986), p. 190.
- 6.
Felstiner and Sarat (1980–1981).
- 7.
Or even completely irrelevant.
- 8.
See Chap. 1 at Sect. 1.1.2.
- 9.
See Sect. 3.4.3.
- 10.
See generally Abel (1989a).
- 11.
Nolan-Handley 2002.
- 12.
Dezalay 1991, p. 801.
- 13.
Their general reputation may also add fuel to such suspicions, see Chap. 2 at Sect. 2.2.
- 14.
Abbot (1998), p. 247.
- 15.
Dezalay (1991); Abbot (1998).
- 16.
Sugarman (1995).
- 17.
Larson (1997).
- 18.
And not originally concerned with the pursuance of financial aims –see Chap. 2 at Sect. 2.4.2.
- 19.
Burrage (1988).
- 20.
See Chap. 2 at Sect. 2.4.2.
- 21.
Sugarman (1995), pp 229–230. He also argues that complacency and strong traditional markets may have led to the ceding of power to accountants in perceived fringe areas. The ‘gentlemanly’ nature of the English legal profession may also have militated against too much involvement at the coal face of business.
- 22.
See, for example, de Roo and Jagtenberg (2006).
- 23.
See Macfarlane 1998, p. 3 reporting that the numbers of American and Canadian lawyers have almost doubled since the 1970’s. The shift from entry by apprenticeship to entry by University degree can be seen as one way in which numbers have swelled.
- 24.
Abel (1982).
- 25.
Abel (1989b), p. 123.
- 26.
- 27.
See generally, Susskind 2010, Chaps. 3 and 4.
- 28.
Susskind (2007).
- 29.
As he admits himself—Susskind 2010, pp xvii-xix.
- 30.
Hartman (1993).
- 31.
Hartman (1993), p. 422. It was also reported that insurance companies continued to recruit lawyers over insurance clerks to meet any contingent demand for legal services, because the over-supply of lawyers made them cheaper to recruit.
- 32.
Commercial Attorneys are construction professionals such as surveyors, architects and engineers who have also undertaken post graduate legal qualifications.
- 33.
Marcos (2000).
- 34.
In recent years Multi Disciplinary Practices where lawyers and other professionals may work together in the same firm have become possible in many jurisdictions.
- 35.
The leading international consumer organisation is Consumers International—see http://www.consumersinternational.org/.
- 36.
- 37.
Paterson (1988), p. 101.
- 38.
Flood and Caiger, (1993) pp 425–440.
- 39.
Benson (1995), pp 490–497.
- 40.
For a discussion of early lawyer resistance to arbitration see Grossman 1939–1940.
- 41.
Benson (1995), p 492. See also Auerbach 1983, chpt 4 for a stimulating review of the early 20th Century spats between lawyers and businessmen in the context of arbitration.
- 42.
From 36% of American Arbitration Association cases in 1927 to 91% in 1947: Auerbach 1983, p. 111.
- 43.
Meason and Smith (1991), p 26.
- 44.
Auerbach (1983), chpt 4.
- 45.
For a critique of the escalating legalities and costs of international commercial arbitration see Durcan (2008); Seidenberg (2010); For arbitration in Eastern Europe, see Salpius (2006), p. 46. See also Cheung (1999) for a discussion of related matters in Hong Kong. My own research in the Scottish construction and commercial sectors has revealed that lawyers themselves are vocal about the escalating costs of arbitration—Agapiou and Clark (2011); Clark and Dawson (2007).
- 46.
See Chap. 1, Sect. 1.1.1.
- 47.
Mays and Clark (1996).
- 48.
- 49.
Agapiou and Clark (2011), p 175.
- 50.
- 51.
- 52.
Macfarlane (2001), chpt. III.
- 53.
Others in favour of the process uncovered in the research were more pragmatic and balanced in their attitudes towards mediation, while yet others who were mandated to participate in the programme were manipulative, dismissive or oppositionalist in their outlook—Macfarlane (2001), chpt. III.
- 54.
Such as Goffield et al (1999), p 231; Lande 2000, Sect. 5.
- 55.
At Sect. 2.5.3.
- 56.
See the discussion in Chap. 2 at Sect. 2.6.1.
- 57.
McEwen et al (1994), pp 156–163.
- 58.
Hensler 2003, pp 190–192.
- 59.
See generally Macfarlane (2008).
- 60.
- 61.
For a review of evidence see Daicoff (1997), pp 1345–1349; Riskin (2002), part I. The issue of mental health has received significant attention of late in the USA, with organisations established specifically for members of the legal profession suffering from depression—see http://lawyerswithdepression.com/depressionstatistics.asp Accessed 1 November 2011. A recent survey of Australian lawyers suggested that some 15% suffered moderate to extreme levels of depression—see Collings (2009). Such problems may be exacerbated by the inclement financial climate that lawyers may often be working in currently.
- 62.
- 63.
Lande (2000), p. 158.
- 64.
Canadian Bar Association (1989), p. 4.
- 65.
Subrin (2002/2003).
- 66.
Galanter (1985), p. 12.
- 67.
See Chap. 2 at Sect. 2.6.1.
- 68.
Relis (2009); Pel and Combrink (2011). It has also been suggested that participation in mediation may also be seen as less of a risk for lawyers than in standard adjudicatory processes because a poorer result in mediation may not, in the client’s mind, emanate from a lawyers’ substandard professional performance, as would perhaps be the case where perceived poor outcomes result from advocacy in court—Hensler (1999), p. 17.
- 69.
An associated point here is the fact that given the significant reduction in civil trials in many jurisdictions, mediation may in fact provide a rare opportunity for lawyers to practice their advocacy skills.
- 70.
See the discussion in Chap. 2 at Sect. 2.3.3.
- 71.
Hensler (2003), p. 183.
- 72.
See the discussion in Chap. 4 at Sect. 4.3.2.2.
- 73.
Matti et al (2006).
- 74.
Something reportedly increasingly common in Scotland—discussion with John Sturrock of Core Mediation, 2010.
- 75.
See the discussion in Chap. 1 in Sect. 1.2.
- 76.
Nolan-Handley (2002), p. 242.
- 77.
See Chap. 1 at Sects. 1.1.1 and 1.1.2.
- 78.
The representative body for Scottish solicitors.
- 79.
Clark and Mays (1996), p. 33.
- 80.
Clark and Mays (1996), p. 33. The research was sponsored by the Scottish Office of the UK government.
- 81.
The professional bodies respectively for English barristers and English solicitors.
- 82.
Robert (1992), p 258. But see Mistelis (2006) suggesting that the earliest developments in English mediation emanated from lawyers.
- 83.
Bedlam Report (2001); Brown Report (2001).
- 84.
Roberts (1992), p.258.
- 85.
- 86.
See the discussion in Chap. 1 at Sect. 1.2.3.
- 87.
Law on mediation for both domestic and cross-border disputes on Dec. 16, Law 3898/2010.
- 88.
Under the terms of Section 15a of the German Introductory Code to the Code of Civil Procedure (EGZPO). It should be noted though that under the Draft Law to implement the recent EU Directive on Mediation, it has been proposed that lawyer representation of parties in mediation only be allowed with the consent of the other party—an issue that has generated significant lawyer disquiet—see Duve (2011).
- 89.
Act 103 of 1991, s2(1).
- 90.
- 91.
In the UK, for example, under such bodies as the Civil Mediation Council (for England and Wales) and the Scottish Mediation Network (for Scotland).
- 92.
The District of Columbia is one exception.
- 93.
Once a case is listed, some states stipulate that only mediators on the roster may be used—e.g. the State of Georgia.
- 94.
Information on the various US State roster requirements was sourced from the Institute of Government, College of Professional Studies at the University of Arkansas 2010.
- 95.
A recent survey by the American Arbitration Association found that 63% companies surveyed and 73% percent of Fortune companies attributed their use of mediation to court referral, American Arbitration Association 2006, pp 19 and 28.
- 96.
See discussion in Chap. 4 at Sect. 4.2.3.
- 97.
Mulcahy (2001), p. 205. See also pp 209–211.
- 98.
Prince and Belcher (2006), pp 30–34.
- 99.
See Chap. 1 at Sect. 1.2.2.5.
- 100.
Cheung (2010), p. 69.
- 101.
Available at http://www.tpprf-arb.ru/en/documents/list-of-members Accessed 1 November 2011.
- 102.
Ristin 2010.
- 103.
Hillig and Huhn (2010), p 49.
- 104.
Article 4.4 of the decree no 222 of 2004.
- 105.
See, for example, the dominance of lawyers in the World Intellectual Property Organization, Domain Name Dispute Panel (this panel includes mediators, arbitrators and experts).
- 106.
Directive 2008/52/EC.
- 107.
September 7, 2011 (case C-464/11).
- 108.
The issue is also important in the sense of determining whether lawyer-mediators should be governed by their own professional rules while engaged in mediation. This also raises questions as to the appropriateness of existing lawyer professional rules and ethical guidelines to deal with mediation practice. These matters are dealt with in Chap. 6.
- 109.
For a potted discussion of the history of unauthorized practice of law in the USA see Nolan Handley 2002.
- 110.
Abbot (1998), p. 250.
- 111.
Burnet (2007) (paralegal found to have committed unauthorized practice of law, inter alia, for activities in context of family mediation).
- 112.
Such as in Germany—see Alexander et al (2006).
- 113.
Menkel-Meadow (1996), p. 57.
- 114.
Menkel-Meadow (1996), p. 57.
- 115.
See the discussion in Chap. 5 at Sect. 5.3.2.
- 116.
American Bar Association (2002).
- 117.
Cooley (2000 ).
- 118.
Menkel-Meadow (1996).
- 119.
Drafted by the Department of Dispute Resolution Services of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the North Carolina Guidelines for the Ethical Practice of Mediation and to Prevent the Unauthorized Practice of Law, adopted by the North Carolina Bar in 1999.
- 120.
See, for example, Schwartz (1999), p. 1737.
- 121.
American Bar Association (2002), para 5.
- 122.
American Bar Association (2002), para 6.
- 123.
Alexander et al (2006), p. 33.
- 124.
S 2 Abs. 3 Nr. 4.
- 125.
It should be noted that in some contexts mediation results in ‘principled’ but legally non-enforceable agreements.
- 126.
American Bar Association (2002), section headed, “drafting legal agreements”.
- 127.
See the discussion in Chap. 5 at Sect. 5.3.
- 128.
See the discussion in Chap. 2 at Sect. 2.3.
- 129.
See Goldfien and Robbennolt (2007), pp 285–286.
- 130.
The many reasons why lawyers often prefer lawyer-mediators are explored in Chap. 4 at Sect. 4.3.5.
- 131.
This can be termed the practice of ‘settlement brokering’ a long recognised practice in which law firms reward mediators who settle cases swiftly, increasing settlement stats for the firm, Kovach 1997, p. 26.
- 132.
Lande (1997), p 847.
- 133.
- 134.
Russell (2007).
- 135.
Gould (2010), pp 10–11.
References
Abbot A (1986) Jurisdictional conflicts: a new approach to the development of the legal professions. Law Soc Inq 11:187–224
Abbott A (1988) The System of the professions: an essay on the division of expert labour. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Abel R (1982) The politics of the market for legal services. In: Thomas P (ed) Law in balance. Martin Robertson, Oxford
Abel R (1989a) Comparative sociology of legal professions. In: Abel R, Lewis P (eds) Lawyers in society comparative theories. University of California Press, Berkeley
Abel R (1989b) American lawyers. In: Abel R, Lewis P (eds) Lawyers in society comparative theories. University of California Press, Berkeley
Alexander N et al (2006) Mediation in Germany: the long and winding road. In: Alexander N (ed) Global trends in mediation, 2nd edn. Kluwer International, Alphen aan den Rijn
American Arbitration Association (2006) Dispute-wise business management: improving economic and non-economic outcomes in managing business conflicts. http://www.adr.org/si.asp?id=4124. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Bedlam LJ (2001) Committee on ADR. General Counsel of the Bar, London
Benson B (1995) An exploration of the impact of modern arbitration statutes on the development of arbitration in the United States. J Law Econ Organ 11(2):479–501
Brown H (2001) ADR report. The Law Society, Courts and Legal Services Committee, London
Burger WE (1995) Remark:the decline in professionalism. Fordham Law Rev 63:949
Burnet H (2007) Paralegal gets four months house arrest. Law Times, 15 October 2007
Burrage M (1988) Revolution in the collective action of the French, American and English legal professions. Law Soc Inq 13:225–277
Canadian Bar Association Task Force on Alternative Dispute Resolution (1989) Alternative dispute resolution: a Canadian perspective. Canadian Bar Association, Ottawa
Cheung O (1999) Critical factors affecting the use of alternative dispute resolution processes in construction”. Int J Conflict Manag 17(3):189–194
Cheung SO (2010) Construction mediation in Hong Kong. In: Brooker P, Wilkinson S (eds) Mediation in the construction industry: an international review. Spon Press, London
Clark B (2003) A time for change? The development of commercial ADR in Scotland 20. Scots Law Times 169–172
Clark B, Dawson C (2007) Scottish commercial litigators and ADR: a study of attitudes and experience. Civ Justice Q 26:228–249
Clark B, Mays R (1996) The development of ADR in Scotland. Civ Justice Q 16:26–37
Collings O (2009) Depression strikes as lawyers struggle in downturn. The New Lawyer, 6th May. http://www.thenewlawyer.com.au/article/Depression-spikes-as-lawyers-struggle-in-downturn/479923.aspx. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Cooley J (2000) Shifting paradigms: the unauthorized practice of law or the authorized practice Of ADR. http://www.mediate.com/cooley2.cfm#bio. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Daicoff S (1997) Lawyer know thyself: a review of empirical research on attorney attributes bearing on professionalism. Am U L Rev 46:1337–1427
de Roo A, Jagtenberg R (2003) The practice of mediation in eleven countries neighbouring the Netherlands. Dutch ministry of justice. http://www.civilmediation.org/downloads-get?id=133. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Dezalay Y (1991) Territorial battles and tribal disputes. Mod Law Rev 54:792–809
American Bar Association Section on Dispute Resolution (2002) Guidelines on mediation and practice of law. http://www.mediate.com/articles/abaupl.cfm. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Durcan K (2008) International arbitration: Getting pricier but still growing. Law Society Gazette, 16th October 2008. http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/features/international-arbitration-getting-pricier-still-growing. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Duve C (2011) Lessons learnt by from the implantation of the EU mediation directive in Germany: the point of view of lawyers. Directorate-General for Internal Policies. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201105/20110518ATT19590/20110518ATT19590EN.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Felstiner W, Sarat A (1980–1981) The emergence and transformation of disputes: naming, blaming, claiming. Law Soc Rev 15(3–4)):631–654
Flood J, Caiger A (1993) Lawyers and arbitration: the juridification of construction disputes. Mod Law Rev 56:412–440
Galanter M (1985) A settlement judge is not a trial judge: judicial mediation in the United States. J Law Soc 12:1–18
Glasser C (1990) The legal profession in the 1990s – images of change. Leg Stud 10:1–11
Goffield DE et al (1999) Background characteristics and incentives of mediators in Georgia: exploring differences in public, private, and government agency mediators. Mediation Q 16:221–233
Goldfien J, Robbennolt J (2007) What if lawyers have their way? An empirical assessment of conflict strategies and attitudes towards mediation styles. Ohio State J Dispute Resolut 22:277–319
Gould N et al (2010) Mediating construction disputes: an evaluation of existing practice. Centre for Construction Law, Kings College, London
Grossman MH (1939–1940) Arbitration and the lawyer. New York Univ Law Q Rev 17:511
Hartman C (1993) Legal data banks, the glut of lawyers, and the German legal profession. Law Soc Rev 27:421–441
Heinz JP (1983) The power of lawyers. Ga Law Rev 17:891–911
Hensler D (1999) A research agenda, what we need to know about court- connected ADR. Dispute Resolut Mag 6:15–17
Hensler DR (2003) Our courts, ourselves: how the alternative dispute resolution movement is reshaping our legal system. Penn St L Rev 108:165–197
Hillig J, Huhn M (2010) Construction mediation in Germany. In: Brooker P, Wilkinson S (eds) Mediation in the construction industry: an international review. Spon Press, London
Ilter D, Dikbas A (2010) Construction mediation in Turkey. In: Brooker P, Wilkinson S (eds) Mediation in the construction industry: an international review. Spon Press, London
Institute of government, college of professional studies at the university of Arkansas (2010) State requirements for mediators. http://www.mediationworks.com/medcert3/staterequirements.htm. Accessed1 Nov 2011
Kovach K (1997) Cost of mediation: whose responsibility? Conflict Resolut Q 15(1):13–27
Kronman AT (1993) The lost lawyer: the falling ideals of the legal profession. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Lande J (1997) How will lawyering and mediation practices transform each other? Fla State Univ Law Rev 24:839–901
Larson MS (1977) The rise of professionalism. University of California Press, Berkeley
Macfarlane J (2001) Culture change? Commercial Litigators and the Ontario Mandatory Mediation Programme. http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/collection_2008/lcc-cdc/JL2-70-2001E.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Macfarlane J (2008) The new lawyer: how settlement is transforming the practice of law. UBS Press, Toronto
Mantle M (2011) Mediation: a practical guide for lawyers. Dundee University Press, Dundee
Marcos F (2000) The storm over our heads: the rendering of legal services by audit firms in Spain. Int J Leg Profession 7:7–39
Matti S et al (2006) Mediation in Austria. In: Alexander N (ed) Global trends in mediation, 2nd edn. Kluwer International, Alphen aan den Rijn
Mays R, Clark B (1996) Alternative dispute resolution in scotland. Scottish Office Central Research Unit, Edinburgh
McEwen C et al (1994) Lawyers, mediation, and the management of divorce practice. Law Soc Rev 28:149–186
Meason JE, Smith AG (1991) Non-lawyers in international commercial arbitration: gathering splinters on the bench. N West J Int Law Bus 12:24–48
Meiser I (2006) Mediation and conciliation in Switzerland. In: Alexander N (ed) Global trends in mediation, 2nd edn. Kluwer International, Alphen aan den Rijn
Menkel-Meadow C (1996) Is mediation the practice of law? Alternatives High Costs Litigat 14(5):55–61
Mercer D (2006) How do i become a mediator? Resources for Attorneys. http://www.resourcesforattorneys.com/becomeamediatorarticle.html. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Mistelis L (2006) ADR in England and Wales: a successful case of public private partnership. In: Alexander N (ed) Global trends in mediation, 2nd edn. Kluwer International, Alphen aan den Rijn
Mosten FS (2001) Mediation career guide: a strategic approach to building a successful practice. Jossey Bass, San Francisco
Mulcahy L (2001) Can leopards change their spots? An evaluation of the role of lawyers in medical negligence cases. Int J Leg Profession 8(3):203–224
Nolan-Handley J (2002) Lawyers, non-lawyers and mediation: rethinking the professional monopoly from a problem-solving perspective. Harv Negot Law Rev 7:235–286
Parkinson L (2010) Competition between professionals and fields. Mediate.com video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xzpAnO2Ny4. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Partridge M (2009) Alternative dispute resolution: an essential competency for lawyers: how to use ADR to Achieve better results and lower costs. OUP, New York
Paterson A (1988) The legal profession in Scotland – an endangered species or a problem case for market theory? In: Abel R, Lewis PS (eds) Lawyers in society, volume one, the common law world. University of California Press, Berkley
Pel M, Combrink L (2011) Referral to mediation by the Netherlands judiciary. Justice Q 25–65
Prince S, Belcher S (2006) An evaluation of the effectiveness of court-based mediation processes in non-family civil proceedings at exeter and guilford county courts. Department of Constitutional Affairs, London
Relis T (2009) Perceptions in litigation and mediation: lawyers, defendants, plaintiffs, and gendered parties. Cambridge University Press, New York
Riskin L (2002) The contemplative lawyer: on the potential contributions of mindfulness meditation to law students, lawyers and their clients. Harv Negot Law Rev 7(2):1–66
Ristin G (2010) New legislation on alternative dispute resolution in the republic of Slovenia. www.mediationeurope.net/eng/documents/Rstin_Gordana-Newlegislation2.tmp.doc. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Roberts S (1992) Mediation in the lawyer’s embrace. Mod Law Rev 55:258–264
Russell C (2007) Mediation in England and Wales: a very english revolution. http://nt4992.vs.netbenefit.com/articles/viewarticle.asp?articleid=1805. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Salpius E (2006) Arbitration in eastern Europe. Arbitration 72(1):45–48
Scheingold S (2004) The politics of rights: lawyers, public policy and political change, 2nd edn. University of Michigan Press, Michigan
Schwartz J (1999) Laymen cannot lawyer but is mediation the practice of law? Cardoza Law Rev 20:1715
Seamone ER (2000) Bringing a smile to mediation’s two faces: how aspiring mediators might jump start careers immediately following law school. University of Iowa, College of Law. http://www.uiowa.edu/~cyberlaw/elp00/Evan/mediation/. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Seidenberg S (2010) International arbitration loses its grip: are U.S. Lawyers to blame? Am Bar Assoc J 50–51
Seligman MEP et al (2001) Why lawyers are unhappy. Cardoza Law Rev 23:33–53
Stefancic J, Delgado R (2004) How lawyers lose their way: a profession fails its creative minds. Duke University Press, Durham
Subrin S (2002/2003) A traditionalist looks at mediation: it’s here to stay and much better than I thought. Nevada Law J 3:196–227
Sugarman D (1995) Who colonized whom? Historical relations on the intersection between law, lawyers and accountants in England. In: Dezalay Y, Sugarman D (eds) Lawyers, accountants and the social construction of markets. Routledge, London
Susskind R (2007) How the traditional role of lawyers will change. Times Online, November 5, 2007. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article/2210094.ece. Accessed 1 Nov 2011
Susskind R (2010) The end of lawyers? Rethinking the nature of legal services. Oxford University Press, New York
Van Winkle J (2001) Mediation: a path back for the lost lawyer. American Bar Association, Chicago
Welsh NA (2001a) Making deals in court-connected mediation: What’s justice got to do with it? Wash Univ Law Q 79:786–865
Welsh N (2001b) The thinning vision of self-determination: the inevitable price of institutionalization? Harv Negot Law Rev 6:1–96
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Clark, B. (2012). Lawyer Involvement in Mediation and the Co-Option Thesis. In: Lawyers and Mediation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23474-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23474-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-23473-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-23474-3
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawLaw and Criminology (R0)