Abstract
The self-organizing map (i.e. SOM) has inspired a voluminous body of literature in a number of diverse research domains. We present a synthesis of the pertinent literature as well as demonstrate, via a case study, how SOM can be applied in clustering accounting databases. The synthesis explicates SOM’s theoretical foundations, presents metrics for evaluating its performance, explains the main extensions of SOM, and discusses its main financial applications. The case study illustrates how SOM can identify interesting and meaningful clusters that may exist in accounting databases. The paper extends the relevant literature in that it synthesises and clarifies the salient features of a research area that intersects the domains of SOM, data mining, and accounting.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Argyrou, A.: Clustering hierarchical data using self-organizing map: A graph-theoretical approach. In: PrÃncipe, J., Miikkulainen, R. (eds.) WSOM 2009. LNCS, vol. 5629, pp. 19–27. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Back, B., Sere, K., Vanharanta, H.: Data mining accounting numbers using self-organizing maps. In: Alander, J., Honkela, T., Jakobsson, M. (eds.) Genes, Nets and Symbols (STeP 1996). Finnish Artificial Intelligence Society, pp. 35–47. University of Vaasa, Vaasa (1996)
Back, B., Sere, K., Vanharanta, H.: Analyzing financial performance with self-organizing maps. In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Self-Organizing Maps (WSOM 1997), Espoo, Finland, pp. 356–361 (1997)
Baghai-Wadj, R., El-Berry, R., Klocker, S., Schwaiger, M.: The Consistency of Self-Declared Hedge Fund Styles - A Return-Based Analysis with Self-Organizing Maps. Central Bank of Austria: Financial Stability Report (9), 64–76 (2005)
Bishop, C.M.: Neural networks for pattern recognition. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1995)
Chappell, G.J., Taylor, J.G.: The temporal kohonen map. Neural Networks 6(3), 441–445 (1993)
Davies, D., Bouldin, D.: A cluster separation measure. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 1(2), 224–227 (1979)
Deboeck, G., Ultsch, A.: Picking stocks with emergent Self-Organizing value maps. Neural Networks World 10(1-2), 203–216 (2000)
Deerwester, S., Dumais, S., Furnas, G., Thomas, Harshman, R.: Indexing by latent semantic analysis. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 41, 391–407 (1990)
Dijkstra, E.W.: A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numerische Mathematik 1, 269–271 (1959)
Eklund, T., Back, B., Vanharanta, H., Visa, A.: Financial benchmarking using self-organizing maps studying the international pulp and paper industry. In: Data Mining: Opportunities and Challenges, pp. 323–349. IGI Publishing (2003)
Erwin, E., Obermayer, K., Schulten, K.: Self-Organizing maps: Ordering, convergence properties and energy functions. Biological Cybernetics 67, 47–55 (1992)
Graepel, T., Burger, M., Obermayer, K.: Phase transitions in stochastic self-organizing maps. Physical Review E 56(4), 3876–3890 (1997)
Haykin, S.: Neural Networks. A Comprehensive Foundation, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall International, Upper Saddle River (1999)
Honkela, T., Kaski, S., Lagus, K., Kohonen, T.: Exploration of full-text databases with self-organizing maps. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neural Networks (ICNN 1996), vol. I, pp. 56–61. IEEE Service Center, Piscataway (1996a)
Honkela, T., Kaski, S., Lagus, K., Kohonen, T.: Newsgroup exploration with WEBSOM method and browsing interface. Tech. Rep. A32. Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Espoo, Finland (1996b)
Hsu, C.: Generalizing self-organizing map for categorical data. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 17(2), 294–304 (2006)
Hung, C., Tsai, C.: Market segmentation based on hierarchical self-organizing map for markets of multimedia on demand. Expert Systems with Applications 34(1), 780–787 (2008)
Huysmans, J., Baesens, B., Vanthienen, J., van Gestel, T.: Failure prediction with self organizing maps. Expert Systems with Applications 30(3), 479–487 (2006)
IASB, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation (IASCF), London, United Kingdom (2009)
IASCF, IFRS Taxonomy Guide 2009 (XBRL). International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation (IASCF), London, United Kingdom (2009)
Jungnickel, D.: Graphs, Networks and Algorithms, English edn. In: Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics, vol. 5. Springer, Berlin (2002)
Karlsson, J., Back, B., Vanharanta, H., Visa, A.: Analysing financial performance with quarterly data using Self-Organising Maps. TUCS Technical Report No 430, Turku Centre for Computer Science, Turku, Finland (2001), http://tucs.fi/publications/attachment.php?fname=TR430.pdf
Kaski, S.: Dimensionality reduction by random mapping: Fast similarity computation for clustering. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 1998), vol. 1, pp. 413–418. IEEE Service Center, Piscataway (1998)
Kaski, S., Kohonen, T.: Exploratory data analysis by the self-organizing map: Structures of welfare and poverty in the world. In: Refenes, A.N., Abu-Mostafa, Y., Moody, J., Weigend, A. (eds.) Neural Networks in Financial Engineering. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Neural Networks in the Capital Markets, London, England, October 11-13, pp. 498–507. World Scientific, Singapore (1996)
Kaski, S., Nikkilä, J., Kohonen, T.: Methods for interpreting a Self-Organized map in data analysis. In: Proceedings of ESANN 1998, 6th European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks, D-Facto, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 185–190 (1998)
Kaski, S., Nikkilä, J., Kohonen, T.: Methods for exploratory cluster analysis. In: Intelligent Exploration of The Web. Studies In Fuzziness And Soft Computing, pp. 136–151. Physica-Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg (2003)
Khan, A.U., Bandopadhyaya, T.K., Sharma, S.: Classification of stocks using self organizing map. International Journal of Soft Computing Applications (4), 19–24 (2009)
Kiviluoto, K.: Topology preservation in self-organizing maps. In: Proceeding of the International Conference on Neural Networks (ICNN 1996), vol. 1, pp. 294–299. IEEE Service Center, Piscataway (1996)
Kiviluoto, K.: Predicting bankruptcies with the self-organizing map. Neurocomputing 21(1-3), 191–201 (1998)
Kohonen, T.: Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biological Cybernetics 43(1), 59–69 (1982)
Kohonen, T.: Median strings. Pattern Recognition Letters 3(5), 309–313 (1985)
Kohonen, T.: Self-Organizing Maps of symbol strings. Tech. Rep. A42. Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Espoo, Finland (1996)
Kohonen, T.: Self-Organizing Maps, 2nd edn. Springer Series in Information Sciences, vol. 30. Springer, Heidelberg (1997)
Kohonen, T.: The self-organizing map. Neurocomputing 21(1-3), 1–6 (1998)
Kohonen, T.: Comparison of SOM point densities based on different criteria. Neural Computation 11(8), 2081–2095 (1999)
Kohonen, T.: Data Management by Self-Organizing Maps. In: Zurada, J.M., Yen, G.G., Wang, J. (eds.) Computational Intelligence: Research Frontiers. LNCS, vol. 5050, pp. 309–332. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Kohonen, T., Somervuo, P.: Self-organizing maps of symbol strings with application to speech recognition. In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Self-Organizing Maps (WSOM 1997), Espoo, Finland, pp. 2–7 (1997)
Kohonen, T., Somervuo, P.: Self-organizing maps of symbol strings. Neurocomputing 21(1-3), 19–30 (1998)
Kohonen, T., Somervuo, P.: How to make large self-organizing maps for nonvectorial data. Neural Networks 15(8-9), 945–952 (2002)
Kohonen, T., Kaski, S., Lagus, K., Salojarvi, J., Honkela, J., Paatero, V., Saarela, A.: Self organization of a massive document collection. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 11(3), 574–585 (2000)
Koskela, T., Varsta, M., Heikkonen, J., Kaski, K.: Temporal sequence processing using recurrent SOM. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Electronic Systems (KES 1998), vol. 1, pp. 290–297 (1998)
Lagus, K.: Map of WSOM 1997 Abstracts Alternative Index. In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Self-Organizing Maps (WSOM 1997), Espoo, Finland, pp. 368–372 (1997)
Lagus, K., Kaski, S., Kohonen, T.: Mining massive document collections by the WEBSOM method. Information Sciences 163(1-3), 135–156 (2004)
Lansiluoto, A., Eklund, T., Back, B., Vanharanta, H., Visa, A.: Industry-specific cycles and companies’ financial performance comparison using self-organizing maps. Benchmarking: An International Journal 11(3), 267–286 (2004)
Lawrence, R., Almasi, G., Rushmeier, H.: A scalable parallel algorithm for Self-Organizing Maps with applications to sparse data mining problems. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 3(2), 171–195 (1999)
Manning, C.D., Raghavan, P., Shutze, H.: An Introduction to Information Retrieval, Online edn. Cambridge University Press, New York (2009), http://nlp.stanford.edu/IR-book/pdf/irbookprint.pdf
Martn-del-Bro, B., Serrano-Cinca, C.: Self-organizing neural networks for the analysis and representation of data: Some financial cases. Neural Computing & Applications 1(3), 193–206 (1993)
Oja, M., Sperber, G., Blomberg, J., Kaski, S.: Self-organizing map-based discovery and visualization of human endogenous retroviral sequence groups. International Journal of Neural Systems 15(3), 163–179 (2005)
Ritter, H.: Asymptotic level density for a class of vector quantization processes. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 2(1), 173–175 (1991)
Ritter, H., Kohonen, T.: Self-Organizing Semantic Maps. Biological Cybernetics 61(4), 241–254 (1989)
Salton, G., Wong, A., Yang, C.S.: A vector space model for automatic indexing. Communications of ACM 18(11), 613–620 (1975)
Serrano-Cinca, C.: Self organizing neural networks for financial diagnosis. Decision Support Systems 17(3), 227–238 (1996)
Shannon, C.E.: A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal 27, 379–423, 623–656 (1948)
Siponen, M., Vesanto, J., Simula, O., Vasara, P.: An approach to automated interpretation of SOM. In: Allinson, N., Yin, H., Allinson, L., Slack, J. (eds.) Proceedings of Workshop on Self-Organizing Map (WSOM 2001), pp. 89–94. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Stevens, S.S.: On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 103(2684), 677–680 (1946)
Tan, R., van den Berg, J., van den Bergh, W.: Credit rating classification using Self-Organizing Maps. In: Neural Networks in Business: Techniques and Applications, pp. 140–153. Idea Group Publishing, USA (2002)
Ultsch, A.: Maps for the visualization of high-dimensional data spaces. In: Proceedings Workshop on Self-Organizing Maps (WSOM 2003), Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Japan, pp. 225–230 (2003a)
Ultsch, A.: Pareto density estimation: A density estimation for knowledge discovery. In: Innovations in Classification, Data Science, and Information Systems - Proceedings of 27th Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKL 2003), pp. 91–100. Springer, Heidelberg (2003b)
Ultsch, A.: U*-Matrix: a tool to visualize clusters in high dimensional data. Tech. Rep. 36, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science. University of Marburg, Germany (2003c)
Ultsch, A., Siemon, H.: Kohonen’s self organizing feature maps for exploratory data analysis. In: Proceedings International Neural Networks, pp. 305–308. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht (1990)
Varsta, M., Heikkonen, J., Lampinen, J., Millán, J.D.: Temporal kohonen map and the recurrent self-organizing map: analytical and experimental comparison. Neural Processing Letters 13(3), 237–251 (2001)
Vesanto, J., Alhoniemi, E.: Clustering of the self-organizing map. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 11(3), 586–600 (2000)
Vesanto, J., Himberg, J., Alhoniemi, E., Parhankangas, J.: SOM Toolbox for Matlab 5. Tech. Rep. A57, SOM Toolbox Team. Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland (2000)
Vesanto, J., Sulkava, M., Hollmén, J.: On the decomposition of the Self-Organizing Map distortion measure. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Self-Organizing Maps (WSOM 2003), Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Japan, pp. 11–16 (2003)
Voegtlin, T.: Recursive self-organizing maps. Neural Networks 15(8-9), 979–991 (2002)
Yin, H.: Data visualisation and manifold mapping using the ViSOM. Neural Networks 15(8-9), 1005–1016 (2002)
Yin, H.: The Self-Organizing Maps: Background, theories, extensions and applications. In: Fulcher, J., Jain, L.C. (eds.) Computational Intelligence: A Compendium. Studies in Computational Intelligence (SCI), vol. 115, pp. 715–762. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Andreev, A., Argyrou, A. (2012). Using Self-Organizing Map for Data Mining: A Synthesis with Accounting Applications. In: Holmes, D., Jain, L. (eds) Data Mining: Foundations and Intelligent Paradigms. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, vol 25. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23151-3_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23151-3_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-23150-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-23151-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)